Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких и цереброваскулярные заболевания: структурно-функциональные и клинические аспекты коморбидности
Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких и цереброваскулярные заболевания: структурно-функциональные и клинические аспекты коморбидности
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
В обзоре представлены данные литературы по проблеме коморбидности хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) и цереброваскулярных заболеваний (ЦВЗ). Рассмотрены основные аспекты их патофизиологических взаимосвязей и значение для клинической практики. В настоящее время ЦВЗ, так же как и ХОБЛ, остаются доминирующей причиной смертности среди взрослого населения и связаны с большими экономическими потерями для государства. Частота выявления хронической ишемии головного мозга у больных ХОБЛ почти в 3 раза выше, чем в общей популяции. При ХОБЛ в 1,2 раза возрастает заболеваемость ишемическим инсультом, в 1,3 раза – геморрагическим инсультом и в 1,46 раза — субарахноидальными кровоизлияниями. Ключевое значение в развитии респираторной и цереброваскулярной коморбидности принадлежит хроническому системному воспалению, тканевой гипоксии, окислительному стрессу и другим типовым патологическим процессам, продукты которых (провоспалительные цитокины, активные формы кислорода, С-реактивный белок, некоторые нейротрофины и др. ) увеличивают проницаемость гематоэнцефалического барьера, оказывают повреждающее действие на клетки центральной нервной системы и ускоряют атерогенез в пре- и интрацеребральных артериях. С развитием эндотелиальной дисфункции нарушается ауторегуляция мозгового кровообращения. Системные проявления ХОБЛ тесно ассоциированы с различными вариантами структурно-функциональных изменений головного мозга: 46% белого вещества подвергается микроструктурной перестройке, уменьшается объем серого вещества, отмечается высокая распространенность церебральных микрокровоизлияний и нейродинамических нарушений. У больных ХОБЛ формируется венозная энцефалопатия, возникновению которой способствуют повышение внутригрудного давления и застой в системе верхней полой вены. Клинически это проявляется неврологической симптоматикой, выраженность которой зависит от степени тяжести ХОБЛ. Увеличивается частота когнитивных нарушений, а также тревоги, депрессии и панических расстройств. При ХОБЛ тяжелого течения диагностируются различные неврологические синдромы: астеновегетативный, пирамидный, вестибуло-мозжечковый, псевдобульбарный, амиостатический, неврастенический и др. Их выраженность зависит от тяжести гипоксии и гиперкапнии. Несмотря на большую значимость данной проблемы, многие патофизиологические и клинические аспекты коморбидности ХОБЛ и ЦВЗ остаются до конца не выясненными. Понимание их роли открывает перспективы для рациональной фармакотерапии.
Ключевые слова: обзор, хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, цереброваскулярные заболевания, коморбидность.
Keywords: overview, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, comorbidity.
Ключевые слова: обзор, хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, цереброваскулярные заболевания, коморбидность.
________________________________________________
Keywords: overview, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, comorbidity.
Список литературы
1. Ehteshami-Afshar S, FitzGerald JM, Doyle-Waters MM, Sadatsafavi M. The global economic burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2016; 20(1): 11-23. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 5588/ijtld. 15. 0472.
2. Shibata Y. Epidemiology of COPD: Why Is the Disease So Poorly Recognized? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016: 17-28. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_2.
3. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at: http: //www. goldcopd. org (accessed 30 Jul 2016).
4. Srivastava K, Thakur D, Sharma S, Punekar YS. Systematic review of humanistic and economic burden of symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015; 33: 467-488. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s40273-015-0252-4.
5. Tang Z, Zhou T, Luo Y, Xie C, Huo D, Tao L et al. Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality among the Elderly in Beijing: A Competing Risk Analysis. Stover CM, editor. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2014; 9(2): e87884. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087884.
6. Tzanakis N, Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I. Managing comorbidities in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2015; 10(1): 95-109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s54473.
7. Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S, Mapel DW. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2013; 144(4): 1163-1178. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 12-2847.
8. Smith M, Wrobel J. Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 871-888. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s49621
9. Bernardo I, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities. Pharmacology & Therapeutics Elsevier BV. 2015; 155: 60-79. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. pharmthera. 2015. 08. 005.
10. Kaźmierczak M, Ciebiada M, Pękala-Wojciechowska A, Pawłowski M, Nielepkowicz-Goździńska A, Antczak A. Evaluation of Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in COPD Patients with or without Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Heart, Lung and Circulation Elsevier BV. 2015; 24(8): 817-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. hlc. 2015. 01. 019.
11. Terzikhan N, Verhamme KMC, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L. Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2016; 31(8): 785-792. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-016-0132-z.
12. Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, Brusselle GG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: A comprehensive review. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2015; 109(11): 1371-1380. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2015. 07. 014.
13. Söderholm M, Inghammar M, Hedblad B, Egesten A, Engström G. Incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2015; 31(2): 159-168. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-015-0113-7.
14. Yildiz S, Kaya I, Cece H, Gencer M, Ziylan Z, Yalcin F et al. Impact of COPD exacerbation on cerebral blood flow. Clinical Imaging Elsevier BV. 2012; 36(3): 185-190. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. clinimag. 2011. 08. 021
15. Ives SJ, Harris RA, Witman MAH, Fjeldstad AS, Garten RS, McDaniel J et al. Vascular Dysfunction and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Role of Redox Balance. Hypertension Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 63(3): 459-467. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/hypertensionaha. 113. 02255.
16. Квасникова Ю. В. Клинико-функциональные ипсихологические особенности у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких на разных стадиях формирования хронического легочного сердца: Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук, Санкт-Петербург; 2013. [Kvasnikova YV. Clinico-functional and psychological characteristics of COPD patients at different stages of chronic corpulmonale formation (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2013. (In Russ. )]. Доступно по: http: //www. dlib. rsl. ru/loader/view/01005538199?get=pdf
17. Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Janson C, Lindberg E, SuppliUlrik C, Brøndum E et al. Depression, anxiety and health status after hospitalisation for COPD: A multicentre study in the Nordic countries. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2006; 100(1): 87-93. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2005. 04. 003.
18. Siniscalchi A, Gallelli L, Malferrari G, Pirritano D, Serra R, Santangelo E et al. Cerebral stroke injury: the role of cytokines and brain inflammation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 2014; 25(2): 131-137. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1515/jbcpp-2013-0121.
19. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Grey and white matter abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case–control study. BMJ Open BMJ. 2012; 2(2): e000844. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/bmjopen-2012-000844.
20. Barnes PJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Effects beyond the Lungs. PLoS Medicine. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2010; 7(3): e1000220. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1000220.
21. Urakova MA, Bryndina IG. Surfactant in the Water Balance of the Lungs after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Conditions of Capsaicin Blockade of the Vagus Nerve. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. Springer Nature. 2016; 46(6): 639-643. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s11055-016-0290-1.
22. Tarabay M, Elshazli R, Settin A. African vs. Caucasian and Asian difference for the association of interleukin-10 promotor polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (a meta-analysis study). Meta Gene Elsevier BV. 2016; 9: 10-17. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. mgene. 2016. 02. 006.
23. Guleria R, Arora S, Kumar G, Mohan A. Does Systemic Inflammation Effects Nutritional Status and Severity of COPD? Chest Elsevier BV. 2016; 150(4): 850A. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 08. 950.
24. Aleksandrova NP, Danilova GA, Aleksandrov VG. Cyclooxygenase pathway in modulation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by interleukin-1β in rats. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Elsevier BV. 2015; 209: 85-90. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. resp. 2014. 12. 006.
25. Brough D, Galea J. The role of inflammation and interleukin-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease. Journal of Inflammation Research Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2013; 121: 121-128. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/jir. s35629.
26. Elkind MSV. Impact of innate inflammation in population studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Wiley-Blackwell. 2010; 1207(1): 97-106. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 2010. 05736. x.
27. Shoamanesh A, Preis SR, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Kase CS et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, cerebral microbleeds, and small vessel disease: Framingham Heart Study. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2015; 84(8): 825-832. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0000000000001279.
28. Faustman D, Davis M. TNF receptor 2 pathway: drug target for autoimmune diseases. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Springer Nature. 2010; 9(6): 482-493. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3030.
29. Xie Z-K, Huang Q-P, Huang J, Xie Z-F. Association between the IL1B, IL1RN polymorphisms and COPD risk: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports Springer Nature. 2014; 4: 6202. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/srep06202.
30. Horita N, Kaneko T. Assessment of Inflammation in COPD: Are there any Biomarkers that can be used to Assess Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016; 135-158. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_8.
31. Romero JR, Preis SR, Beiser AS, De Carli C, Lee DY, Viswanathan A et al. Lipoprotein Phospholipase A2 and Cerebral Microbleeds in the Framingham Heart Study. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2012; 43(11): 3091-3094. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 112. 656744.
32. Wright CB, Moon Y, Paik MC, Brown TR, Rabbani L, Yoshita M et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers of Vascular Risk as Correlates of Leukoariosis. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2009; 40(11): 3466-3471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 109. 559567.
33. Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG. Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Springer Nature. 2011; 10(6): 453-471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3403.
34. Dayal S, Wilson KM, Motto DG, Miller FJ, Chauhan AK, Lentz SR. Hydrogen Peroxide Promotes Aging-Related Platelet Hyperactivation and Thrombosis. Circulation Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 127(12): 1308-1316. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/circulationaha. 112. 000966.
35. Rahman I. Pharmacological antioxidant strategies as therapeutic interventions for COPD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. Elsevier BV. 2012; 1822(5): 714-728. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. bbadis. 2011. 11. 004.
36. Austin V, Crack PJ, Bozinovski S, Miller AA, Vlahos R. COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clinical Science. Portland Press Ltd. 2016; 130(13): 1039-1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1042/cs20160043.
37. Гельцер Б. И., Бродская Т. А., Котельников В. И., Агафонова И. Г., Лукьянов П. А. Эндотелиальная дисфункция церебральных и магистральных артерий при хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2007; 144(6): 768-771. [Geltser BI, Brodskaya TA, Kotelnikov VN, Agafonova IG, Lukyanov PA. Endothelial dysfunction of cerebral and major arteries during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. Springer Nature. 2007; 144(6): 768-771. (In Russ. )]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10517-007-0427-x.
38. Raja SG, Raja SM. Treating pulmonary arterial hypertension: current treatments and future prospects. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. SAGE Publications. 2011; 2(6): 359-370. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1177/2040622311420773
39. Mecca AP, Regenhardt RW, O’Connor TE, Joseph JP, Raizada MK, Katovich MJ et al. Cerebroprotection by angiotensin-(1-7) in endothelin-1-induced ischaemic stroke. Experimental Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2011; 96(10): 1084-1096. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1113/expphysiol. 2011. 058578.
40. Novo G, Sansone A, Rizzo M, Guarneri FP, Pernice C, Novo S. High plasma levels of endothelin-1 enhance the predictive value of preclinical atherosclerosis for future cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 15(9): 696-701. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2459/jcm. 0000000000000121.
41. Nagai M, Terao S, Vital SA, Rodrigues SF, Yilmaz G, Granger D. Role of blood cell-associated angiotensin II type 1 receptors in the cerebral microvascular response to ischemic stroke during angiotensin-induced hypertension. Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine. Springer Nature. 2011; 3(1): 15-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/2040-7378-3-15.
42. Shibuya M. VEGF-VEGFR Signals in Health and Disease. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology. 2014; 22(1): 1-9. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4062/biomolther. 2013. 113.
43. Mat Z, Grensemann B, Yakin Y, Knobloch J, Koch A. Effect of lipoteichoic acid on IL-2 and IL-5 release from T lymphocytes in asthma and COPD. International Immunopharmacology Elsevier BV. 2012; 13(3): 284-291. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. intimp. 2012. 04. 005.
44. Yang J, Shi Q-D, Song T-B, Feng G-F, Zang W-J, Zong C-H et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases VEGF expression to promote proliferation of brain vascular endothelial cells via the cAMP/PKA pathway after ischemic insult in vitro. Peptides. Elsevier BV. 2013; 42: 105-111. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. peptides. 2013. 01. 007.
45. Loza MJ, Watt R, Baribaud F, Barnathan ES, Rennard SI. Systemic inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 12-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-12.
46. Stoll P, Wuertemberger U, Bratke K, Zingler C, Virchow CJ, Lommatzsch M. Stage-dependent association of BDNF and TGF-beta1 with lung function in stable COPD. Respiratory Research. Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 116-126. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-116.
47. Aravamudan B, Thompson M, Pabelick C, Prakash YS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Wiley-Blackwell. 2012; 16(4): 812-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1582-4934. 2011. 01356. x.
48. Araya J, Nishimura SL. Fibrogenic Reactions in Lung Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. Annual Reviews. 2010; 5(1): 77-98. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1146/annurev. pathol. 4. 110807. 092217.
49. Chen AI et al. The neuroprotective roles of BDNF in hypoxic ischemic brain injury (Review). Biomedical reports. 2013; 1(2): 167-176. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3892/br. 2012. 48.
50. Jiang Y, Wei N, Lu T, Zhu J, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects brain from ischemic insult via modulating local inflammation in rats. Neuroscience Elsevier BV. 2011; 172: 398-405. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2010. 10. 054.
51. Острова И.В., Аврущенко A.Ш. Экспрессия мозгового нейротрофического фактора (BDNF) повышает устойчивость нейронов к гибели в постреанимационном периоде. Общая реаниматология. 2015; 11(3): 45-53. [Ostrova IV, Avrushchenko MS. Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Increases the Resistance of Neurons to Death in the Postresuscitation Period. General Reanimatology. 2015; 11(3): 45-53. (In Russ.)]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 15360/1813-9779-2015-3-45-53.
52. Doney B, Hnizdo E, Syamlal G, Kullman G, Burchfiel C, Martin CJ et al. Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among US Working Adults Aged 40 to 70 Years. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 56(10): 1088-1093. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1097/jom. 0000000000000232.
53. Dodd JW, Chung AW, van den Broek MD, Barrick TR, Charlton RA, Jones PW. Brain Structure and Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 186(3): 240-245. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201202-0355oc.
54. Gons RAR, van Norden AGW, de Laat KF, van Oudheusden LJB, van Uden IWM, Zwiers MP et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced microstructural integrity of cerebral white matter. Brain Oxford University Press (OUP). 2011; 134(7): 2116-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1093/brain/awr145.
55. Borson S. Modeling the impact of COPD on the brain. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2008; 3(3): 429-434. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s2066.
56. Wersching H, Duning T, Lohmann H, Mohammadi S, Stehling C, Fobker M et al. Serum C-reactive protein is linked to cerebral microstructural integrity and cognitive function. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2010; 74(13): 1022-1029. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0b013e3181d7b45b.
57. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Reduced Regional Gray Matter Volume in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. American Journal of Neuroradiology American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR). 2012; 34(2): 334-339. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3174/ajnr. a3235.
58. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension Elsevier BV. 2010; 4(4): 174-182. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. jash. 2010. 05. 001.
59. Lahousse L, Vernooij MW, Darweesh SKL, Akoudad S, Loth DW, Joos GF et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cerebral Microbleeds. The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 188(7): 783-788. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201303-0455oc.
60. Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S et al. Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. The Lancet Neurology Elsevier BV. 2009; 8(2): 165-174. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/s1474-4422(09)70013-4.
61. Tea Vos. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015. 2015; 386: 743-800. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/sj. bdj. 2015. 751.
62. Петрик Е.А. Особенности полиморбидности у соматических больных: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Москва; 2011. [Petrik EA. Aspects of polymorbidityof medically ill patients (dissertation). Moscow; 2011. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //www. cito03. ru/avtoreferat/ petrik. pdf.
63. Верткин А.Л. Коморбидный пациент. Руководство для практических врачей. М.: Издательство «Эксмо»; 2016. [Vertkin AL. Comorbid patient. Guidance for practitioners. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.)].
64. Lahousse L, van den Bouwhuijsen QJA, Loth DW, Joos GF, Hofman A, Witteman JCM et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lipid Core Carotid Artery Plaques in the Elderly. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 187(1): 58-64. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201206-1046oc.
65. Chindhi S, Thakur S, Sarkar M, Negi P. Subclinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prospective hospital-based case control study. LungIndia. Medknow. 2015; 32(2): 137-141. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4103/0970-2113. 152624.
66. Сайфутдинова 3. Р. Клинико-нейрофизиологическое состояние нейромоторной системы у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Казань; 2007. [Saifutdinova ZR. Clinico-neurophysiological state of neuromotor system in COPD patients (dissertation). Kazan; 2007. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01003057650.
67. Колчева Ю. А. Энцефалопатия при хроническойобструктивной болезни легких: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург; 2012. [Kolcheva YA. Encephalopathy in COPD (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2012. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01005049058.
68. Ogoh S, Tsukamoto H, Hirasawa A, Hasegawa H, Hirose N, Hashimoto T. The effect of changes in cerebral blood flow on cognitive function during exercise. Physiological Reports. Wiley-Blackwell. 2014; 2(9): e12163–e12163. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 14814/phy2. 12163.
69. Dag E, Bulcun E, Turkel Y, Ekici A, Ekici M. Factors Influencing Cognitive Function in Subjects With COPD. Respiratory Care. Daedalus Enterprises. 2016; 61(8): 1044–1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4187/respcare. 04403.
70. Roncero C, Campuzano A, Quintano J, Molina J, Pérez J, Miravitlles M. Cognitive status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2016; 11: 543-551. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s100850.
71. Thakur N, Blanc PD, Julian LJ et al. COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2010; 7(5): 263-269. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s10684.
72. Dodd JW, Getov SV, Jones PW. Cognitive function in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. European Respiratory Society (ERS). 2010; 35(4): 913-922. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1183/09031936. 00125109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/jnnp-2012-303645.
73. Laurin C, Moullec G, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL. Impact of Anxiety and Depression on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Risk. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 185(9): 918-23. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201105-0939pp.
74. Coventry P, Panagioti M, Scott C, Blakemore A. Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 1289-1306. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s72073.
75. Maurer JR. Prevention of panic attacks and panic disorder in COPD. Yearbook of Pulmonary Disease Elsevier BV. 2011; 2011: 43-44. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. ypdi. 2010. 11. 033.
76. Katz PP, Julian LJ, Omachi TA, Gregorich SE, Eisner MD, Yelin EH et al. The Impact of Disability on Depression Among Individuals With COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2010; 137(4): 838-845. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 09-1939
2. Shibata Y. Epidemiology of COPD: Why Is the Disease So Poorly Recognized? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016: 17-28. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_2.
3. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at: http: //www. goldcopd. org (accessed 30 Jul 2016).
4. Srivastava K, Thakur D, Sharma S, Punekar YS. Systematic review of humanistic and economic burden of symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015; 33: 467-488. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s40273-015-0252-4.
5. Tang Z, Zhou T, Luo Y, Xie C, Huo D, Tao L et al. Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality among the Elderly in Beijing: A Competing Risk Analysis. Stover CM, editor. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2014; 9(2): e87884. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087884.
6. Tzanakis N, Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I. Managing comorbidities in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2015; 10(1): 95-109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s54473.
7. Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S, Mapel DW. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2013; 144(4): 1163-1178. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 12-2847.
8. Smith M, Wrobel J. Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 871-888. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s49621
9. Bernardo I, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities. Pharmacology & Therapeutics Elsevier BV. 2015; 155: 60-79. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. pharmthera. 2015. 08. 005.
10. Kaźmierczak M, Ciebiada M, Pękala-Wojciechowska A, Pawłowski M, Nielepkowicz-Goździńska A, Antczak A. Evaluation of Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in COPD Patients with or without Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Heart, Lung and Circulation Elsevier BV. 2015; 24(8): 817-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. hlc. 2015. 01. 019.
11. Terzikhan N, Verhamme KMC, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L. Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2016; 31(8): 785-792. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-016-0132-z.
12. Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, Brusselle GG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: A comprehensive review. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2015; 109(11): 1371-1380. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2015. 07. 014.
13. Söderholm M, Inghammar M, Hedblad B, Egesten A, Engström G. Incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2015; 31(2): 159-168. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-015-0113-7.
14. Yildiz S, Kaya I, Cece H, Gencer M, Ziylan Z, Yalcin F et al. Impact of COPD exacerbation on cerebral blood flow. Clinical Imaging Elsevier BV. 2012; 36(3): 185-190. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. clinimag. 2011. 08. 021
15. Ives SJ, Harris RA, Witman MAH, Fjeldstad AS, Garten RS, McDaniel J et al. Vascular Dysfunction and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Role of Redox Balance. Hypertension Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 63(3): 459-467. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/hypertensionaha. 113. 02255.
16. [Kvasnikova YV. Clinico-functional and psychological characteristics of COPD patients at different stages of chronic corpulmonale formation (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2013. (In Russ. )]. Доступно по: http: //www. dlib. rsl. ru/loader/view/01005538199?get=pdf
17. Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Janson C, Lindberg E, SuppliUlrik C, Brøndum E et al. Depression, anxiety and health status after hospitalisation for COPD: A multicentre study in the Nordic countries. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2006; 100(1): 87-93. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2005. 04. 003.
18. Siniscalchi A, Gallelli L, Malferrari G, Pirritano D, Serra R, Santangelo E et al. Cerebral stroke injury: the role of cytokines and brain inflammation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 2014; 25(2): 131-137. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1515/jbcpp-2013-0121.
19. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Grey and white matter abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case–control study. BMJ Open BMJ. 2012; 2(2): e000844. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/bmjopen-2012-000844.
20. Barnes PJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Effects beyond the Lungs. PLoS Medicine. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2010; 7(3): e1000220. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1000220.
21. Urakova MA, Bryndina IG. Surfactant in the Water Balance of the Lungs after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Conditions of Capsaicin Blockade of the Vagus Nerve. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. Springer Nature. 2016; 46(6): 639-643. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s11055-016-0290-1.
22. Tarabay M, Elshazli R, Settin A. African vs. Caucasian and Asian difference for the association of interleukin-10 promotor polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (a meta-analysis study). Meta Gene Elsevier BV. 2016; 9: 10-17. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. mgene. 2016. 02. 006.
23. Guleria R, Arora S, Kumar G, Mohan A. Does Systemic Inflammation Effects Nutritional Status and Severity of COPD? Chest Elsevier BV. 2016; 150(4): 850A. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 08. 950.
24. Aleksandrova NP, Danilova GA, Aleksandrov VG. Cyclooxygenase pathway in modulation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by interleukin-1β in rats. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Elsevier BV. 2015; 209: 85-90. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. resp. 2014. 12. 006.
25. Brough D, Galea J. The role of inflammation and interleukin-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease. Journal of Inflammation Research Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2013; 121: 121-128. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/jir. s35629.
26. Elkind MSV. Impact of innate inflammation in population studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Wiley-Blackwell. 2010; 1207(1): 97-106. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 2010. 05736. x.
27. Shoamanesh A, Preis SR, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Kase CS et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, cerebral microbleeds, and small vessel disease: Framingham Heart Study. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2015; 84(8): 825-832. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0000000000001279.
28. Faustman D, Davis M. TNF receptor 2 pathway: drug target for autoimmune diseases. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Springer Nature. 2010; 9(6): 482-493. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3030.
29. Xie Z-K, Huang Q-P, Huang J, Xie Z-F. Association between the IL1B, IL1RN polymorphisms and COPD risk: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports Springer Nature. 2014; 4: 6202. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/srep06202.
30. Horita N, Kaneko T. Assessment of Inflammation in COPD: Are there any Biomarkers that can be used to Assess Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016; 135-158. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_8.
31. Romero JR, Preis SR, Beiser AS, De Carli C, Lee DY, Viswanathan A et al. Lipoprotein Phospholipase A2 and Cerebral Microbleeds in the Framingham Heart Study. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2012; 43(11): 3091-3094. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 112. 656744.
32. Wright CB, Moon Y, Paik MC, Brown TR, Rabbani L, Yoshita M et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers of Vascular Risk as Correlates of Leukoariosis. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2009; 40(11): 3466-3471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 109. 559567.
33. Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG. Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Springer Nature. 2011; 10(6): 453-471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3403.
34. Dayal S, Wilson KM, Motto DG, Miller FJ, Chauhan AK, Lentz SR. Hydrogen Peroxide Promotes Aging-Related Platelet Hyperactivation and Thrombosis. Circulation Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 127(12): 1308-1316. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/circulationaha. 112. 000966.
35. Rahman I. Pharmacological antioxidant strategies as therapeutic interventions for COPD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. Elsevier BV. 2012; 1822(5): 714-728. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. bbadis. 2011. 11. 004.
36. Austin V, Crack PJ, Bozinovski S, Miller AA, Vlahos R. COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clinical Science. Portland Press Ltd. 2016; 130(13): 1039-1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1042/cs20160043.
37. [Geltser BI, Brodskaya TA, Kotelnikov VN, Agafonova IG, Lukyanov PA. Endothelial dysfunction of cerebral and major arteries during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. Springer Nature. 2007; 144(6): 768-771. (In Russ. )]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10517-007-0427-x.
38. Raja SG, Raja SM. Treating pulmonary arterial hypertension: current treatments and future prospects. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. SAGE Publications. 2011; 2(6): 359-370. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1177/2040622311420773
39. Mecca AP, Regenhardt RW, O’Connor TE, Joseph JP, Raizada MK, Katovich MJ et al. Cerebroprotection by angiotensin-(1-7) in endothelin-1-induced ischaemic stroke. Experimental Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2011; 96(10): 1084-1096. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1113/expphysiol. 2011. 058578.
40. Novo G, Sansone A, Rizzo M, Guarneri FP, Pernice C, Novo S. High plasma levels of endothelin-1 enhance the predictive value of preclinical atherosclerosis for future cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 15(9): 696-701. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2459/jcm. 0000000000000121.
41. Nagai M, Terao S, Vital SA, Rodrigues SF, Yilmaz G, Granger D. Role of blood cell-associated angiotensin II type 1 receptors in the cerebral microvascular response to ischemic stroke during angiotensin-induced hypertension. Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine. Springer Nature. 2011; 3(1): 15-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/2040-7378-3-15.
42. Shibuya M. VEGF-VEGFR Signals in Health and Disease. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology. 2014; 22(1): 1-9. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4062/biomolther. 2013. 113.
43. Mat Z, Grensemann B, Yakin Y, Knobloch J, Koch A. Effect of lipoteichoic acid on IL-2 and IL-5 release from T lymphocytes in asthma and COPD. International Immunopharmacology Elsevier BV. 2012; 13(3): 284-291. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. intimp. 2012. 04. 005.
44. Yang J, Shi Q-D, Song T-B, Feng G-F, Zang W-J, Zong C-H et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases VEGF expression to promote proliferation of brain vascular endothelial cells via the cAMP/PKA pathway after ischemic insult in vitro. Peptides. Elsevier BV. 2013; 42: 105-111. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. peptides. 2013. 01. 007.
45. Loza MJ, Watt R, Baribaud F, Barnathan ES, Rennard SI. Systemic inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 12-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-12.
46. Stoll P, Wuertemberger U, Bratke K, Zingler C, Virchow CJ, Lommatzsch M. Stage-dependent association of BDNF and TGF-beta1 with lung function in stable COPD. Respiratory Research. Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 116-126. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-116.
47. Aravamudan B, Thompson M, Pabelick C, Prakash YS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Wiley-Blackwell. 2012; 16(4): 812-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1582-4934. 2011. 01356. x.
48. Araya J, Nishimura SL. Fibrogenic Reactions in Lung Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. Annual Reviews. 2010; 5(1): 77-98. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1146/annurev. pathol. 4. 110807. 092217.
49. Chen AI et al. The neuroprotective roles of BDNF in hypoxic ischemic brain injury (Review). Biomedical reports. 2013; 1(2): 167-176. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3892/br. 2012. 48.
50. Jiang Y, Wei N, Lu T, Zhu J, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects brain from ischemic insult via modulating local inflammation in rats. Neuroscience Elsevier BV. 2011; 172: 398-405. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2010. 10. 054.
51. [Ostrova IV, Avrushchenko MS. Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Increases the Resistance of Neurons to Death in the Postresuscitation Period. General Reanimatology. 2015; 11(3): 45-53. (In Russ.)]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 15360/1813-9779-2015-3-45-53.
52. Doney B, Hnizdo E, Syamlal G, Kullman G, Burchfiel C, Martin CJ et al. Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among US Working Adults Aged 40 to 70 Years. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 56(10): 1088-1093. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1097/jom. 0000000000000232.
53. Dodd JW, Chung AW, van den Broek MD, Barrick TR, Charlton RA, Jones PW. Brain Structure and Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 186(3): 240-245. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201202-0355oc.
54. Gons RAR, van Norden AGW, de Laat KF, van Oudheusden LJB, van Uden IWM, Zwiers MP et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced microstructural integrity of cerebral white matter. Brain Oxford University Press (OUP). 2011; 134(7): 2116-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1093/brain/awr145.
55. Borson S. Modeling the impact of COPD on the brain. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2008; 3(3): 429-434. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s2066.
56. Wersching H, Duning T, Lohmann H, Mohammadi S, Stehling C, Fobker M et al. Serum C-reactive protein is linked to cerebral microstructural integrity and cognitive function. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2010; 74(13): 1022-1029. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0b013e3181d7b45b.
57. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Reduced Regional Gray Matter Volume in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. American Journal of Neuroradiology American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR). 2012; 34(2): 334-339. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3174/ajnr. a3235.
58. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension Elsevier BV. 2010; 4(4): 174-182. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. jash. 2010. 05. 001.
59. Lahousse L, Vernooij MW, Darweesh SKL, Akoudad S, Loth DW, Joos GF et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cerebral Microbleeds. The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 188(7): 783-788. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201303-0455oc.
60. Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S et al. Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. The Lancet Neurology Elsevier BV. 2009; 8(2): 165-174. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/s1474-4422(09)70013-4.
61. Tea Vos. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015. 2015; 386: 743-800. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/sj. bdj. 2015. 751.
62. [Petrik EA. Aspects of polymorbidityof medically ill patients (dissertation). Moscow; 2011. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //www. cito03. ru/avtoreferat/ petrik. pdf.
63. [Vertkin AL. Comorbid patient. Guidance for practitioners. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.)].
64. Lahousse L, van den Bouwhuijsen QJA, Loth DW, Joos GF, Hofman A, Witteman JCM et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lipid Core Carotid Artery Plaques in the Elderly. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 187(1): 58-64. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201206-1046oc.
65. Chindhi S, Thakur S, Sarkar M, Negi P. Subclinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prospective hospital-based case control study. LungIndia. Medknow. 2015; 32(2): 137-141. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4103/0970-2113. 152624.
66. [Saifutdinova ZR. Clinico-neurophysiological state of neuromotor system in COPD patients (dissertation). Kazan; 2007. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01003057650.
67. [Kolcheva YA. Encephalopathy in COPD (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2012. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01005049058.
68. Ogoh S, Tsukamoto H, Hirasawa A, Hasegawa H, Hirose N, Hashimoto T. The effect of changes in cerebral blood flow on cognitive function during exercise. Physiological Reports. Wiley-Blackwell. 2014; 2(9): e12163–e12163. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 14814/phy2. 12163.
69. Dag E, Bulcun E, Turkel Y, Ekici A, Ekici M. Factors Influencing Cognitive Function in Subjects With COPD. Respiratory Care. Daedalus Enterprises. 2016; 61(8): 1044–1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4187/respcare. 04403.
70. Roncero C, Campuzano A, Quintano J, Molina J, Pérez J, Miravitlles M. Cognitive status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2016; 11: 543-551. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s100850.
71. Thakur N, Blanc PD, Julian LJ et al. COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2010; 7(5): 263-269. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s10684.
72. Dodd JW, Getov SV, Jones PW. Cognitive function in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. European Respiratory Society (ERS). 2010; 35(4): 913-922. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1183/09031936. 00125109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/jnnp-2012-303645.
73. Laurin C, Moullec G, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL. Impact of Anxiety and Depression on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Risk. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 185(9): 918-23. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201105-0939pp.
74. Coventry P, Panagioti M, Scott C, Blakemore A. Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 1289-1306. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s72073.
75. Maurer JR. Prevention of panic attacks and panic disorder in COPD. Yearbook of Pulmonary Disease Elsevier BV. 2011; 2011: 43-44. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. ypdi. 2010. 11. 033.
76. Katz PP, Julian LJ, Omachi TA, Gregorich SE, Eisner MD, Yelin EH et al. The Impact of Disability on Depression Among Individuals With COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2010; 137(4): 838-845. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 09-1939
2. Shibata Y. Epidemiology of COPD: Why Is the Disease So Poorly Recognized? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016: 17-28. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_2.
3. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at: http: //www. goldcopd. org (accessed 30 Jul 2016).
4. Srivastava K, Thakur D, Sharma S, Punekar YS. Systematic review of humanistic and economic burden of symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015; 33: 467-488. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s40273-015-0252-4.
5. Tang Z, Zhou T, Luo Y, Xie C, Huo D, Tao L et al. Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality among the Elderly in Beijing: A Competing Risk Analysis. Stover CM, editor. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2014; 9(2): e87884. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087884.
6. Tzanakis N, Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I. Managing comorbidities in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2015; 10(1): 95-109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s54473.
7. Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S, Mapel DW. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2013; 144(4): 1163-1178. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 12-2847.
8. Smith M, Wrobel J. Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 871-888. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s49621
9. Bernardo I, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities. Pharmacology & Therapeutics Elsevier BV. 2015; 155: 60-79. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. pharmthera. 2015. 08. 005.
10. Kaźmierczak M, Ciebiada M, Pękala-Wojciechowska A, Pawłowski M, Nielepkowicz-Goździńska A, Antczak A. Evaluation of Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in COPD Patients with or without Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Heart, Lung and Circulation Elsevier BV. 2015; 24(8): 817-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. hlc. 2015. 01. 019.
11. Terzikhan N, Verhamme KMC, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L. Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2016; 31(8): 785-792. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-016-0132-z.
12. Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, Brusselle GG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: A comprehensive review. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2015; 109(11): 1371-1380. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2015. 07. 014.
13. Söderholm M, Inghammar M, Hedblad B, Egesten A, Engström G. Incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2015; 31(2): 159-168. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-015-0113-7.
14. Yildiz S, Kaya I, Cece H, Gencer M, Ziylan Z, Yalcin F et al. Impact of COPD exacerbation on cerebral blood flow. Clinical Imaging Elsevier BV. 2012; 36(3): 185-190. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. clinimag. 2011. 08. 021
15. Ives SJ, Harris RA, Witman MAH, Fjeldstad AS, Garten RS, McDaniel J et al. Vascular Dysfunction and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Role of Redox Balance. Hypertension Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 63(3): 459-467. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/hypertensionaha. 113. 02255.
16. Квасникова Ю. В. Клинико-функциональные ипсихологические особенности у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких на разных стадиях формирования хронического легочного сердца: Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук, Санкт-Петербург; 2013. [Kvasnikova YV. Clinico-functional and psychological characteristics of COPD patients at different stages of chronic corpulmonale formation (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2013. (In Russ. )]. Доступно по: http: //www. dlib. rsl. ru/loader/view/01005538199?get=pdf
17. Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Janson C, Lindberg E, SuppliUlrik C, Brøndum E et al. Depression, anxiety and health status after hospitalisation for COPD: A multicentre study in the Nordic countries. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2006; 100(1): 87-93. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2005. 04. 003.
18. Siniscalchi A, Gallelli L, Malferrari G, Pirritano D, Serra R, Santangelo E et al. Cerebral stroke injury: the role of cytokines and brain inflammation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 2014; 25(2): 131-137. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1515/jbcpp-2013-0121.
19. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Grey and white matter abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case–control study. BMJ Open BMJ. 2012; 2(2): e000844. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/bmjopen-2012-000844.
20. Barnes PJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Effects beyond the Lungs. PLoS Medicine. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2010; 7(3): e1000220. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1000220.
21. Urakova MA, Bryndina IG. Surfactant in the Water Balance of the Lungs after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Conditions of Capsaicin Blockade of the Vagus Nerve. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. Springer Nature. 2016; 46(6): 639-643. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s11055-016-0290-1.
22. Tarabay M, Elshazli R, Settin A. African vs. Caucasian and Asian difference for the association of interleukin-10 promotor polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (a meta-analysis study). Meta Gene Elsevier BV. 2016; 9: 10-17. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. mgene. 2016. 02. 006.
23. Guleria R, Arora S, Kumar G, Mohan A. Does Systemic Inflammation Effects Nutritional Status and Severity of COPD? Chest Elsevier BV. 2016; 150(4): 850A. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 08. 950.
24. Aleksandrova NP, Danilova GA, Aleksandrov VG. Cyclooxygenase pathway in modulation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by interleukin-1β in rats. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Elsevier BV. 2015; 209: 85-90. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. resp. 2014. 12. 006.
25. Brough D, Galea J. The role of inflammation and interleukin-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease. Journal of Inflammation Research Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2013; 121: 121-128. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/jir. s35629.
26. Elkind MSV. Impact of innate inflammation in population studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Wiley-Blackwell. 2010; 1207(1): 97-106. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 2010. 05736. x.
27. Shoamanesh A, Preis SR, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Kase CS et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, cerebral microbleeds, and small vessel disease: Framingham Heart Study. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2015; 84(8): 825-832. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0000000000001279.
28. Faustman D, Davis M. TNF receptor 2 pathway: drug target for autoimmune diseases. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Springer Nature. 2010; 9(6): 482-493. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3030.
29. Xie Z-K, Huang Q-P, Huang J, Xie Z-F. Association between the IL1B, IL1RN polymorphisms and COPD risk: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports Springer Nature. 2014; 4: 6202. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/srep06202.
30. Horita N, Kaneko T. Assessment of Inflammation in COPD: Are there any Biomarkers that can be used to Assess Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016; 135-158. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_8.
31. Romero JR, Preis SR, Beiser AS, De Carli C, Lee DY, Viswanathan A et al. Lipoprotein Phospholipase A2 and Cerebral Microbleeds in the Framingham Heart Study. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2012; 43(11): 3091-3094. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 112. 656744.
32. Wright CB, Moon Y, Paik MC, Brown TR, Rabbani L, Yoshita M et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers of Vascular Risk as Correlates of Leukoariosis. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2009; 40(11): 3466-3471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 109. 559567.
33. Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG. Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Springer Nature. 2011; 10(6): 453-471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3403.
34. Dayal S, Wilson KM, Motto DG, Miller FJ, Chauhan AK, Lentz SR. Hydrogen Peroxide Promotes Aging-Related Platelet Hyperactivation and Thrombosis. Circulation Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 127(12): 1308-1316. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/circulationaha. 112. 000966.
35. Rahman I. Pharmacological antioxidant strategies as therapeutic interventions for COPD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. Elsevier BV. 2012; 1822(5): 714-728. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. bbadis. 2011. 11. 004.
36. Austin V, Crack PJ, Bozinovski S, Miller AA, Vlahos R. COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clinical Science. Portland Press Ltd. 2016; 130(13): 1039-1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1042/cs20160043.
37. Гельцер Б. И., Бродская Т. А., Котельников В. И., Агафонова И. Г., Лукьянов П. А. Эндотелиальная дисфункция церебральных и магистральных артерий при хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2007; 144(6): 768-771. [Geltser BI, Brodskaya TA, Kotelnikov VN, Agafonova IG, Lukyanov PA. Endothelial dysfunction of cerebral and major arteries during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. Springer Nature. 2007; 144(6): 768-771. (In Russ. )]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10517-007-0427-x.
38. Raja SG, Raja SM. Treating pulmonary arterial hypertension: current treatments and future prospects. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. SAGE Publications. 2011; 2(6): 359-370. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1177/2040622311420773
39. Mecca AP, Regenhardt RW, O’Connor TE, Joseph JP, Raizada MK, Katovich MJ et al. Cerebroprotection by angiotensin-(1-7) in endothelin-1-induced ischaemic stroke. Experimental Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2011; 96(10): 1084-1096. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1113/expphysiol. 2011. 058578.
40. Novo G, Sansone A, Rizzo M, Guarneri FP, Pernice C, Novo S. High plasma levels of endothelin-1 enhance the predictive value of preclinical atherosclerosis for future cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 15(9): 696-701. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2459/jcm. 0000000000000121.
41. Nagai M, Terao S, Vital SA, Rodrigues SF, Yilmaz G, Granger D. Role of blood cell-associated angiotensin II type 1 receptors in the cerebral microvascular response to ischemic stroke during angiotensin-induced hypertension. Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine. Springer Nature. 2011; 3(1): 15-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/2040-7378-3-15.
42. Shibuya M. VEGF-VEGFR Signals in Health and Disease. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology. 2014; 22(1): 1-9. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4062/biomolther. 2013. 113.
43. Mat Z, Grensemann B, Yakin Y, Knobloch J, Koch A. Effect of lipoteichoic acid on IL-2 and IL-5 release from T lymphocytes in asthma and COPD. International Immunopharmacology Elsevier BV. 2012; 13(3): 284-291. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. intimp. 2012. 04. 005.
44. Yang J, Shi Q-D, Song T-B, Feng G-F, Zang W-J, Zong C-H et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases VEGF expression to promote proliferation of brain vascular endothelial cells via the cAMP/PKA pathway after ischemic insult in vitro. Peptides. Elsevier BV. 2013; 42: 105-111. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. peptides. 2013. 01. 007.
45. Loza MJ, Watt R, Baribaud F, Barnathan ES, Rennard SI. Systemic inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 12-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-12.
46. Stoll P, Wuertemberger U, Bratke K, Zingler C, Virchow CJ, Lommatzsch M. Stage-dependent association of BDNF and TGF-beta1 with lung function in stable COPD. Respiratory Research. Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 116-126. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-116.
47. Aravamudan B, Thompson M, Pabelick C, Prakash YS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Wiley-Blackwell. 2012; 16(4): 812-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1582-4934. 2011. 01356. x.
48. Araya J, Nishimura SL. Fibrogenic Reactions in Lung Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. Annual Reviews. 2010; 5(1): 77-98. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1146/annurev. pathol. 4. 110807. 092217.
49. Chen AI et al. The neuroprotective roles of BDNF in hypoxic ischemic brain injury (Review). Biomedical reports. 2013; 1(2): 167-176. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3892/br. 2012. 48.
50. Jiang Y, Wei N, Lu T, Zhu J, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects brain from ischemic insult via modulating local inflammation in rats. Neuroscience Elsevier BV. 2011; 172: 398-405. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2010. 10. 054.
51. Острова И.В., Аврущенко A.Ш. Экспрессия мозгового нейротрофического фактора (BDNF) повышает устойчивость нейронов к гибели в постреанимационном периоде. Общая реаниматология. 2015; 11(3): 45-53. [Ostrova IV, Avrushchenko MS. Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Increases the Resistance of Neurons to Death in the Postresuscitation Period. General Reanimatology. 2015; 11(3): 45-53. (In Russ.)]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 15360/1813-9779-2015-3-45-53.
52. Doney B, Hnizdo E, Syamlal G, Kullman G, Burchfiel C, Martin CJ et al. Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among US Working Adults Aged 40 to 70 Years. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 56(10): 1088-1093. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1097/jom. 0000000000000232.
53. Dodd JW, Chung AW, van den Broek MD, Barrick TR, Charlton RA, Jones PW. Brain Structure and Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 186(3): 240-245. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201202-0355oc.
54. Gons RAR, van Norden AGW, de Laat KF, van Oudheusden LJB, van Uden IWM, Zwiers MP et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced microstructural integrity of cerebral white matter. Brain Oxford University Press (OUP). 2011; 134(7): 2116-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1093/brain/awr145.
55. Borson S. Modeling the impact of COPD on the brain. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2008; 3(3): 429-434. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s2066.
56. Wersching H, Duning T, Lohmann H, Mohammadi S, Stehling C, Fobker M et al. Serum C-reactive protein is linked to cerebral microstructural integrity and cognitive function. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2010; 74(13): 1022-1029. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0b013e3181d7b45b.
57. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Reduced Regional Gray Matter Volume in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. American Journal of Neuroradiology American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR). 2012; 34(2): 334-339. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3174/ajnr. a3235.
58. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension Elsevier BV. 2010; 4(4): 174-182. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. jash. 2010. 05. 001.
59. Lahousse L, Vernooij MW, Darweesh SKL, Akoudad S, Loth DW, Joos GF et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cerebral Microbleeds. The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 188(7): 783-788. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201303-0455oc.
60. Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S et al. Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. The Lancet Neurology Elsevier BV. 2009; 8(2): 165-174. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/s1474-4422(09)70013-4.
61. Tea Vos. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015. 2015; 386: 743-800. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/sj. bdj. 2015. 751.
62. Петрик Е.А. Особенности полиморбидности у соматических больных: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Москва; 2011. [Petrik EA. Aspects of polymorbidityof medically ill patients (dissertation). Moscow; 2011. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //www. cito03. ru/avtoreferat/ petrik. pdf.
63. Верткин А.Л. Коморбидный пациент. Руководство для практических врачей. М.: Издательство «Эксмо»; 2016. [Vertkin AL. Comorbid patient. Guidance for practitioners. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.)].
64. Lahousse L, van den Bouwhuijsen QJA, Loth DW, Joos GF, Hofman A, Witteman JCM et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lipid Core Carotid Artery Plaques in the Elderly. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 187(1): 58-64. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201206-1046oc.
65. Chindhi S, Thakur S, Sarkar M, Negi P. Subclinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prospective hospital-based case control study. LungIndia. Medknow. 2015; 32(2): 137-141. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4103/0970-2113. 152624.
66. Сайфутдинова 3. Р. Клинико-нейрофизиологическое состояние нейромоторной системы у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Казань; 2007. [Saifutdinova ZR. Clinico-neurophysiological state of neuromotor system in COPD patients (dissertation). Kazan; 2007. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01003057650.
67. Колчева Ю. А. Энцефалопатия при хроническойобструктивной болезни легких: Автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург; 2012. [Kolcheva YA. Encephalopathy in COPD (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2012. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01005049058.
68. Ogoh S, Tsukamoto H, Hirasawa A, Hasegawa H, Hirose N, Hashimoto T. The effect of changes in cerebral blood flow on cognitive function during exercise. Physiological Reports. Wiley-Blackwell. 2014; 2(9): e12163–e12163. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 14814/phy2. 12163.
69. Dag E, Bulcun E, Turkel Y, Ekici A, Ekici M. Factors Influencing Cognitive Function in Subjects With COPD. Respiratory Care. Daedalus Enterprises. 2016; 61(8): 1044–1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4187/respcare. 04403.
70. Roncero C, Campuzano A, Quintano J, Molina J, Pérez J, Miravitlles M. Cognitive status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2016; 11: 543-551. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s100850.
71. Thakur N, Blanc PD, Julian LJ et al. COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2010; 7(5): 263-269. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s10684.
72. Dodd JW, Getov SV, Jones PW. Cognitive function in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. European Respiratory Society (ERS). 2010; 35(4): 913-922. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1183/09031936. 00125109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/jnnp-2012-303645.
73. Laurin C, Moullec G, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL. Impact of Anxiety and Depression on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Risk. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 185(9): 918-23. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201105-0939pp.
74. Coventry P, Panagioti M, Scott C, Blakemore A. Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 1289-1306. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s72073.
75. Maurer JR. Prevention of panic attacks and panic disorder in COPD. Yearbook of Pulmonary Disease Elsevier BV. 2011; 2011: 43-44. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. ypdi. 2010. 11. 033.
76. Katz PP, Julian LJ, Omachi TA, Gregorich SE, Eisner MD, Yelin EH et al. The Impact of Disability on Depression Among Individuals With COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2010; 137(4): 838-845. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 09-1939
________________________________________________
2. Shibata Y. Epidemiology of COPD: Why Is the Disease So Poorly Recognized? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016: 17-28. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_2.
3. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at: http: //www. goldcopd. org (accessed 30 Jul 2016).
4. Srivastava K, Thakur D, Sharma S, Punekar YS. Systematic review of humanistic and economic burden of symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015; 33: 467-488. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s40273-015-0252-4.
5. Tang Z, Zhou T, Luo Y, Xie C, Huo D, Tao L et al. Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality among the Elderly in Beijing: A Competing Risk Analysis. Stover CM, editor. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2014; 9(2): e87884. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087884.
6. Tzanakis N, Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I. Managing comorbidities in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2015; 10(1): 95-109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s54473.
7. Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S, Mapel DW. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2013; 144(4): 1163-1178. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 12-2847.
8. Smith M, Wrobel J. Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 871-888. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s49621
9. Bernardo I, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities. Pharmacology & Therapeutics Elsevier BV. 2015; 155: 60-79. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. pharmthera. 2015. 08. 005.
10. Kaźmierczak M, Ciebiada M, Pękala-Wojciechowska A, Pawłowski M, Nielepkowicz-Goździńska A, Antczak A. Evaluation of Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in COPD Patients with or without Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Heart, Lung and Circulation Elsevier BV. 2015; 24(8): 817-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. hlc. 2015. 01. 019.
11. Terzikhan N, Verhamme KMC, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L. Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2016; 31(8): 785-792. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-016-0132-z.
12. Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, Brusselle GG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: A comprehensive review. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2015; 109(11): 1371-1380. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2015. 07. 014.
13. Söderholm M, Inghammar M, Hedblad B, Egesten A, Engström G. Incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Epidemiology Springer Nature. 2015; 31(2): 159-168. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10654-015-0113-7.
14. Yildiz S, Kaya I, Cece H, Gencer M, Ziylan Z, Yalcin F et al. Impact of COPD exacerbation on cerebral blood flow. Clinical Imaging Elsevier BV. 2012; 36(3): 185-190. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. clinimag. 2011. 08. 021
15. Ives SJ, Harris RA, Witman MAH, Fjeldstad AS, Garten RS, McDaniel J et al. Vascular Dysfunction and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Role of Redox Balance. Hypertension Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 63(3): 459-467. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/hypertensionaha. 113. 02255.
16. [Kvasnikova YV. Clinico-functional and psychological characteristics of COPD patients at different stages of chronic corpulmonale formation (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2013. (In Russ. )]. Доступно по: http: //www. dlib. rsl. ru/loader/view/01005538199?get=pdf
17. Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Janson C, Lindberg E, SuppliUlrik C, Brøndum E et al. Depression, anxiety and health status after hospitalisation for COPD: A multicentre study in the Nordic countries. Respiratory Medicine Elsevier BV. 2006; 100(1): 87-93. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. rmed. 2005. 04. 003.
18. Siniscalchi A, Gallelli L, Malferrari G, Pirritano D, Serra R, Santangelo E et al. Cerebral stroke injury: the role of cytokines and brain inflammation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 2014; 25(2): 131-137. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1515/jbcpp-2013-0121.
19. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Grey and white matter abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case–control study. BMJ Open BMJ. 2012; 2(2): e000844. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/bmjopen-2012-000844.
20. Barnes PJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Effects beyond the Lungs. PLoS Medicine. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2010; 7(3): e1000220. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1000220.
21. Urakova MA, Bryndina IG. Surfactant in the Water Balance of the Lungs after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Conditions of Capsaicin Blockade of the Vagus Nerve. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. Springer Nature. 2016; 46(6): 639-643. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s11055-016-0290-1.
22. Tarabay M, Elshazli R, Settin A. African vs. Caucasian and Asian difference for the association of interleukin-10 promotor polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (a meta-analysis study). Meta Gene Elsevier BV. 2016; 9: 10-17. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. mgene. 2016. 02. 006.
23. Guleria R, Arora S, Kumar G, Mohan A. Does Systemic Inflammation Effects Nutritional Status and Severity of COPD? Chest Elsevier BV. 2016; 150(4): 850A. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 08. 950.
24. Aleksandrova NP, Danilova GA, Aleksandrov VG. Cyclooxygenase pathway in modulation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by interleukin-1β in rats. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Elsevier BV. 2015; 209: 85-90. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. resp. 2014. 12. 006.
25. Brough D, Galea J. The role of inflammation and interleukin-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease. Journal of Inflammation Research Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2013; 121: 121-128. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/jir. s35629.
26. Elkind MSV. Impact of innate inflammation in population studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Wiley-Blackwell. 2010; 1207(1): 97-106. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 2010. 05736. x.
27. Shoamanesh A, Preis SR, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Kase CS et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, cerebral microbleeds, and small vessel disease: Framingham Heart Study. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2015; 84(8): 825-832. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0000000000001279.
28. Faustman D, Davis M. TNF receptor 2 pathway: drug target for autoimmune diseases. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Springer Nature. 2010; 9(6): 482-493. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3030.
29. Xie Z-K, Huang Q-P, Huang J, Xie Z-F. Association between the IL1B, IL1RN polymorphisms and COPD risk: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports Springer Nature. 2014; 4: 6202. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/srep06202.
30. Horita N, Kaneko T. Assessment of Inflammation in COPD: Are there any Biomarkers that can be used to Assess Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Springer Nature. 2016; 135-158. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/978-981-10-0839-9_8.
31. Romero JR, Preis SR, Beiser AS, De Carli C, Lee DY, Viswanathan A et al. Lipoprotein Phospholipase A2 and Cerebral Microbleeds in the Framingham Heart Study. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2012; 43(11): 3091-3094. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 112. 656744.
32. Wright CB, Moon Y, Paik MC, Brown TR, Rabbani L, Yoshita M et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers of Vascular Risk as Correlates of Leukoariosis. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2009; 40(11): 3466-3471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/strokeaha. 109. 559567.
33. Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG. Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Springer Nature. 2011; 10(6): 453-471. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/nrd3403.
34. Dayal S, Wilson KM, Motto DG, Miller FJ, Chauhan AK, Lentz SR. Hydrogen Peroxide Promotes Aging-Related Platelet Hyperactivation and Thrombosis. Circulation Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2013; 127(12): 1308-1316. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1161/circulationaha. 112. 000966.
35. Rahman I. Pharmacological antioxidant strategies as therapeutic interventions for COPD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. Elsevier BV. 2012; 1822(5): 714-728. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. bbadis. 2011. 11. 004.
36. Austin V, Crack PJ, Bozinovski S, Miller AA, Vlahos R. COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clinical Science. Portland Press Ltd. 2016; 130(13): 1039-1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1042/cs20160043.
37. [Geltser BI, Brodskaya TA, Kotelnikov VN, Agafonova IG, Lukyanov PA. Endothelial dysfunction of cerebral and major arteries during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. Springer Nature. 2007; 144(6): 768-771. (In Russ. )]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s10517-007-0427-x.
38. Raja SG, Raja SM. Treating pulmonary arterial hypertension: current treatments and future prospects. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. SAGE Publications. 2011; 2(6): 359-370. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1177/2040622311420773
39. Mecca AP, Regenhardt RW, O’Connor TE, Joseph JP, Raizada MK, Katovich MJ et al. Cerebroprotection by angiotensin-(1-7) in endothelin-1-induced ischaemic stroke. Experimental Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2011; 96(10): 1084-1096. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1113/expphysiol. 2011. 058578.
40. Novo G, Sansone A, Rizzo M, Guarneri FP, Pernice C, Novo S. High plasma levels of endothelin-1 enhance the predictive value of preclinical atherosclerosis for future cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 15(9): 696-701. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2459/jcm. 0000000000000121.
41. Nagai M, Terao S, Vital SA, Rodrigues SF, Yilmaz G, Granger D. Role of blood cell-associated angiotensin II type 1 receptors in the cerebral microvascular response to ischemic stroke during angiotensin-induced hypertension. Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine. Springer Nature. 2011; 3(1): 15-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/2040-7378-3-15.
42. Shibuya M. VEGF-VEGFR Signals in Health and Disease. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology. 2014; 22(1): 1-9. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4062/biomolther. 2013. 113.
43. Mat Z, Grensemann B, Yakin Y, Knobloch J, Koch A. Effect of lipoteichoic acid on IL-2 and IL-5 release from T lymphocytes in asthma and COPD. International Immunopharmacology Elsevier BV. 2012; 13(3): 284-291. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. intimp. 2012. 04. 005.
44. Yang J, Shi Q-D, Song T-B, Feng G-F, Zang W-J, Zong C-H et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases VEGF expression to promote proliferation of brain vascular endothelial cells via the cAMP/PKA pathway after ischemic insult in vitro. Peptides. Elsevier BV. 2013; 42: 105-111. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. peptides. 2013. 01. 007.
45. Loza MJ, Watt R, Baribaud F, Barnathan ES, Rennard SI. Systemic inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 12-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-12.
46. Stoll P, Wuertemberger U, Bratke K, Zingler C, Virchow CJ, Lommatzsch M. Stage-dependent association of BDNF and TGF-beta1 with lung function in stable COPD. Respiratory Research. Springer Nature. 2012; 13(1): 116-126. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1186/1465-9921-13-116.
47. Aravamudan B, Thompson M, Pabelick C, Prakash YS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Wiley-Blackwell. 2012; 16(4): 812-823. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1582-4934. 2011. 01356. x.
48. Araya J, Nishimura SL. Fibrogenic Reactions in Lung Disease. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. Annual Reviews. 2010; 5(1): 77-98. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1146/annurev. pathol. 4. 110807. 092217.
49. Chen AI et al. The neuroprotective roles of BDNF in hypoxic ischemic brain injury (Review). Biomedical reports. 2013; 1(2): 167-176. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3892/br. 2012. 48.
50. Jiang Y, Wei N, Lu T, Zhu J, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects brain from ischemic insult via modulating local inflammation in rats. Neuroscience Elsevier BV. 2011; 172: 398-405. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2010. 10. 054.
51. [Ostrova IV, Avrushchenko MS. Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Increases the Resistance of Neurons to Death in the Postresuscitation Period. General Reanimatology. 2015; 11(3): 45-53. (In Russ.)]. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 15360/1813-9779-2015-3-45-53.
52. Doney B, Hnizdo E, Syamlal G, Kullman G, Burchfiel C, Martin CJ et al. Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among US Working Adults Aged 40 to 70 Years. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2014; 56(10): 1088-1093. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1097/jom. 0000000000000232.
53. Dodd JW, Chung AW, van den Broek MD, Barrick TR, Charlton RA, Jones PW. Brain Structure and Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 186(3): 240-245. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201202-0355oc.
54. Gons RAR, van Norden AGW, de Laat KF, van Oudheusden LJB, van Uden IWM, Zwiers MP et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced microstructural integrity of cerebral white matter. Brain Oxford University Press (OUP). 2011; 134(7): 2116-24. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1093/brain/awr145.
55. Borson S. Modeling the impact of COPD on the brain. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2008; 3(3): 429-434. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s2066.
56. Wersching H, Duning T, Lohmann H, Mohammadi S, Stehling C, Fobker M et al. Serum C-reactive protein is linked to cerebral microstructural integrity and cognitive function. Neurology Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 2010; 74(13): 1022-1029. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1212/wnl. 0b013e3181d7b45b.
57. Zhang H, Wang X, Lin J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Yang T et al. Reduced Regional Gray Matter Volume in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. American Journal of Neuroradiology American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR). 2012; 34(2): 334-339. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 3174/ajnr. a3235.
58. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension Elsevier BV. 2010; 4(4): 174-182. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. jash. 2010. 05. 001.
59. Lahousse L, Vernooij MW, Darweesh SKL, Akoudad S, Loth DW, Joos GF et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cerebral Microbleeds. The Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 188(7): 783-788. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201303-0455oc.
60. Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S et al. Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. The Lancet Neurology Elsevier BV. 2009; 8(2): 165-174. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/s1474-4422(09)70013-4.
61. Tea Vos. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2015. 2015; 386: 743-800. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1038/sj. bdj. 2015. 751.
62. [Petrik EA. Aspects of polymorbidityof medically ill patients (dissertation). Moscow; 2011. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //www. cito03. ru/avtoreferat/ petrik. pdf.
63. [Vertkin AL. Comorbid patient. Guidance for practitioners. Moscow; 2016. (In Russ.)].
64. Lahousse L, van den Bouwhuijsen QJA, Loth DW, Joos GF, Hofman A, Witteman JCM et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lipid Core Carotid Artery Plaques in the Elderly. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2013; 187(1): 58-64. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201206-1046oc.
65. Chindhi S, Thakur S, Sarkar M, Negi P. Subclinical atherosclerotic vascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prospective hospital-based case control study. LungIndia. Medknow. 2015; 32(2): 137-141. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4103/0970-2113. 152624.
66. [Saifutdinova ZR. Clinico-neurophysiological state of neuromotor system in COPD patients (dissertation). Kazan; 2007. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01003057650.
67. [Kolcheva YA. Encephalopathy in COPD (dissertation). St. Petersburg; 2012. (In Russ.)]. Доступно по: http: //search. rsl. ru/ru/record/01005049058.
68. Ogoh S, Tsukamoto H, Hirasawa A, Hasegawa H, Hirose N, Hashimoto T. The effect of changes in cerebral blood flow on cognitive function during exercise. Physiological Reports. Wiley-Blackwell. 2014; 2(9): e12163–e12163. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 14814/phy2. 12163.
69. Dag E, Bulcun E, Turkel Y, Ekici A, Ekici M. Factors Influencing Cognitive Function in Subjects With COPD. Respiratory Care. Daedalus Enterprises. 2016; 61(8): 1044–1050. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 4187/respcare. 04403.
70. Roncero C, Campuzano A, Quintano J, Molina J, Pérez J, Miravitlles M. Cognitive status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2016; 11: 543-551. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s100850.
71. Thakur N, Blanc PD, Julian LJ et al. COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2010; 7(5): 263-269. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s10684.
72. Dodd JW, Getov SV, Jones PW. Cognitive function in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. European Respiratory Society (ERS). 2010; 35(4): 913-922. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1183/09031936. 00125109. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1136/jnnp-2012-303645.
73. Laurin C, Moullec G, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL. Impact of Anxiety and Depression on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Risk. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine American Thoracic Society. 2012; 185(9): 918-23. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1164/rccm. 201105-0939pp.
74. Coventry P, Panagioti M, Scott C, Blakemore A. Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Dove Medical Press Ltd. 2014; 9: 1289-1306. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 2147/copd. s72073.
75. Maurer JR. Prevention of panic attacks and panic disorder in COPD. Yearbook of Pulmonary Disease Elsevier BV. 2011; 2011: 43-44. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. ypdi. 2010. 11. 033.
76. Katz PP, Julian LJ, Omachi TA, Gregorich SE, Eisner MD, Yelin EH et al. The Impact of Disability on Depression Among Individuals With COPD. Chest Elsevier BV. 2010; 137(4): 838-845. doi: http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1378/chest. 09-1939
Авторы
Б.И. ГЕЛЬЦЕР 1,2, И.Г. КУРПАТОВ 1, В.Н. КОТЕЛЬНИКОВ 1, Ю.В. ЗАЯЦ 2
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Владивосток, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Дальневосточный федеральный университет» Минобрнауки России, Владивосток, Россия
1 Pacific state medical university, Vladivostok, Russia;
2 Far Eastern federal university, Vladivostok, Russia
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Владивосток, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Дальневосточный федеральный университет» Минобрнауки России, Владивосток, Россия
________________________________________________
1 Pacific state medical university, Vladivostok, Russia;
2 Far Eastern federal university, Vladivostok, Russia
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.