1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2224-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
2. Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ, Tavel HM, Masoudi FA, Margolis KL, et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1635-42. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064
3. Smith SM, Gong Y, Handberg E, Messerli FH, Bakris GL, Ahmed A, et al. Predictors and outcomes of resistant hypertension among patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(3):635-43. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000051
4. Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003–2008. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1076-80. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170308
5. De la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, Gorostidi M, Juan J, Armario P, et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classifi ed on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2011;57(5):898-902. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168948
6. Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, Liu ILA, Calhoun DA, McGlynn EA, et al. Characteristics of resistant hypertension in a large, ethnically diverse hypertension population of an integrated health system. Elsevier; 2013. P. 1099-107.
7. Achelrod D, Wenzel U, Frey S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of resistant hypertension in treated hypertensive populations. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(3):355-61. doi: 10.1093/ajh/ hpu151
8. Garg JP, Elliott WJ, Folker A, Izhar M, Black HR. RUSH University Hypertension Service. Resistant hypertension revisited: a comparison of two university-based cohorts. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(5, Pt. 1):619-26. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.021
9. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(28):2159-219. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151
10. Krause T, Lovibond K, Caulfield M, Mc Cormack T, Williams B. Guideline Development Group. Management of hypertension: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2011;25:343:d4891.
11. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2017 Nov 13.
12. Moser M, Setaro JF. Clinical practice. Resistant or difficult-to-control hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 27;355(4):385-92. 
doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp041698
13. Chazova I, Schlaich MP. Improved Hypertension Control with the Imidazoline Agonist Moxonidine in a Multinational Metabolic Syndrome Population: Principal Results of the MERSY Study. Intern J Hypertens. 2013;2013:541689. doi: 10.1155/2013/541689
14. Taler S, Textor S, Augustine J. Resistant hypertension. Comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care. Hypertension. 2002;39:982-8. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000016176.16042.2F
15. Hirsch S. A different approach to resistant hypertension. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Jun;74(6):449-56. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.74.6.449
16. Graves J, Bloomfield R, Buckalew V. Plasma volume in resistant hypertension: Guide to pathophysiology and therapy. Am J Med Sci. 1989;298:361-5. doi: 10.1097/00000441-198912000-00001
17. Ramsey L, Silas J, Freestone S. Diuretic treatment of resistant hypertension. BMJ. 1980;281:1101-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6248.1101
18. Mann SJ. Drug therapy for resistant hypertension: a simplified, mechanistic approach. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:120-30. 
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00387.x
19. Mann SJ, Parikh NS. A simplified mechanistic algorithm for treating resistant hypertension: efficacy in a retrospective study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:191-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012. 00605.x
20. Egan BM, Basile JN, Rehman SU, et al. Plasma Renin Test – Guided Drug Treatment Algorithm for Correcting Patients With Treated but Uncontrolled Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Hypertens. 2009 Jul 1;22(7):792-801. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2009.63
21. Furberg CD. Renin Test-Guided Drug Treatment of Hypertension: The Need For Clinical Trials. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(11):1158-63. 
doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.170
22. Garg JP, Elliott WJ, Folker A, Izhar M, Black HR. Resistant hypertension revisited: a comparison of two university-based cohorts. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:619-26. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.021
23. Calhoun D. Aldosteronism and hypertension. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1039-45. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01060306
24. Minutolo R, De Nicola L, Zamboli P, et al. Management of hypertension in patients with CKD: Differences between primary and tertiary care settings. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:18-25. doi: 10.1053/ j.ajkd.2005.03.019
25. De Nicola L, Minutolo R, Chiodini P, et al. Global approach to cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: Reality and opportunities for intervention. Kidney Int. 2006;69:538-45. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000085
26. The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Group (AASK). Successful blood pressure control in the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1636-43. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.14.1636
27. Brenner B, Cooper M, De Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011161
28. Bobrie G, Frank M, Azizi M, et al. Sequential nephron blockade versus sequential renin-angiotensin system blockade in resistant hypertension: a prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint study. J Hypertens. 2012 Aug;30(8):1656-64. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e 3283551e98
29. Václavík J, Sedlák R, Jarkovský J, Kociánová E, Táborský M. Effect of spironolactone in resistant arterial hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ASPIRANT-EXT). Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Dec;93(27):e162. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000162
30. Williams B, MacDonald TM, Caulfield M, Cruickshank JK, McInnes G, Sever P, Webb DJ, Salsbury J, Morant S, Ford I, Brown MJ. Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension With Algorithm-based therapy (PATHWAY) number 2: protocol for a randomised crossover trial to determine optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension. BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 7;5(8):e008951. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008951
31. Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2059-68. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(15)00257-3

________________________________________________

1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2224-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
2. Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ, Tavel HM, Masoudi FA, Margolis KL, et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1635-42. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064
3. Smith SM, Gong Y, Handberg E, Messerli FH, Bakris GL, Ahmed A, et al. Predictors and outcomes of resistant hypertension among patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(3):635-43. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000051
4. Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003–2008. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1076-80. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170308
5. De la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, Gorostidi M, Juan J, Armario P, et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classifi ed on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2011;57(5):898-902. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168948
6. Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, Liu ILA, Calhoun DA, McGlynn EA, et al. Characteristics of resistant hypertension in a large, ethnically diverse hypertension population of an integrated health system. Elsevier; 2013. P. 1099-107.
7. Achelrod D, Wenzel U, Frey S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of resistant hypertension in treated hypertensive populations. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(3):355-61. doi: 10.1093/ajh/ hpu151
8. Garg JP, Elliott WJ, Folker A, Izhar M, Black HR. RUSH University Hypertension Service. Resistant hypertension revisited: a comparison of two university-based cohorts. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(5, Pt. 1):619-26. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.021
9. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(28):2159-219. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151
10. Krause T, Lovibond K, Caulfield M, Mc Cormack T, Williams B. Guideline Development Group. Management of hypertension: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2011;25:343:d4891.
11. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2017 Nov 13.
12. Moser M, Setaro JF. Clinical practice. Resistant or difficult-to-control hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 27;355(4):385-92. 
doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp041698
13. Chazova I, Schlaich MP. Improved Hypertension Control with the Imidazoline Agonist Moxonidine in a Multinational Metabolic Syndrome Population: Principal Results of the MERSY Study. Intern J Hypertens. 2013;2013:541689. doi: 10.1155/2013/541689
14. Taler S, Textor S, Augustine J. Resistant hypertension. Comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care. Hypertension. 2002;39:982-8. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000016176.16042.2F
15. Hirsch S. A different approach to resistant hypertension. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Jun;74(6):449-56. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.74.6.449
16. Graves J, Bloomfield R, Buckalew V. Plasma volume in resistant hypertension: Guide to pathophysiology and therapy. Am J Med Sci. 1989;298:361-5. doi: 10.1097/00000441-198912000-00001
17. Ramsey L, Silas J, Freestone S. Diuretic treatment of resistant hypertension. BMJ. 1980;281:1101-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6248.1101
18. Mann SJ. Drug therapy for resistant hypertension: a simplified, mechanistic approach. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:120-30. 
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00387.x
19. Mann SJ, Parikh NS. A simplified mechanistic algorithm for treating resistant hypertension: efficacy in a retrospective study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:191-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012. 00605.x
20. Egan BM, Basile JN, Rehman SU, et al. Plasma Renin Test – Guided Drug Treatment Algorithm for Correcting Patients With Treated but Uncontrolled Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Hypertens. 2009 Jul 1;22(7):792-801. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2009.63
21. Furberg CD. Renin Test-Guided Drug Treatment of Hypertension: The Need For Clinical Trials. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(11):1158-63. 
doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.170
22. Garg JP, Elliott WJ, Folker A, Izhar M, Black HR. Resistant hypertension revisited: a comparison of two university-based cohorts. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:619-26. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.021
23. Calhoun D. Aldosteronism and hypertension. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1039-45. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01060306
24. Minutolo R, De Nicola L, Zamboli P, et al. Management of hypertension in patients with CKD: Differences between primary and tertiary care settings. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:18-25. doi: 10.1053/ j.ajkd.2005.03.019
25. De Nicola L, Minutolo R, Chiodini P, et al. Global approach to cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: Reality and opportunities for intervention. Kidney Int. 2006;69:538-45. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000085
26. The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Group (AASK). Successful blood pressure control in the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1636-43. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.14.1636
27. Brenner B, Cooper M, De Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011161
28. Bobrie G, Frank M, Azizi M, et al. Sequential nephron blockade versus sequential renin-angiotensin system blockade in resistant hypertension: a prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint study. J Hypertens. 2012 Aug;30(8):1656-64. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e 3283551e98
29. Václavík J, Sedlák R, Jarkovský J, Kociánová E, Táborský M. Effect of spironolactone in resistant arterial hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ASPIRANT-EXT). Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Dec;93(27):e162. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000162
30. Williams B, MacDonald TM, Caulfield M, Cruickshank JK, McInnes G, Sever P, Webb DJ, Salsbury J, Morant S, Ford I, Brown MJ. Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension With Algorithm-based therapy (PATHWAY) number 2: protocol for a randomised crossover trial to determine optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension. BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 7;5(8):e008951. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008951
31. Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2059-68. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(15)00257-3

Н.Е. Шепелева, А.В. Родионов, В.В. Фомин 

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия

________________________________________________

N.Е. Shepeleva, А.V. Rodionov, V.V. Fomin

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia