Внебольничная пневмония является значимым фактором, приводящим к острой декомпенсации хронической сердечной недостаточности (ОДСН). Каждая последующая декомпенсация у пациента с сердечной недостаточностью приводит к снижению функционального резерва миокарда и ухудшает прогноз жизни данного пациента. Цель исследования: выявить наиболее значимые предикторы внебольничной пневмонии и оценить степень их влияния на риск формирования данного заболевания у пациентов с ОДСН. Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ госпитальной выборки пациентов (n=852), госпитализированных с явлениями ОДСН. В 16,5% госпитализаций в качестве сопутствующего заболевания выявлена внебольничная пневмония. Результаты. Наличие симметричных влажных хрипов в легких, гепатомегалии, клинической картины левожелудочковой недостаточности, дилатационной кардиомиопатии (ДКМП), гипотензии увеличивало риск формирования пневмонии в 3,7 (р<0,001), 1,6 (р=0,02), 1,86 (р=0,005), 1,72 (р=0,002), 2,7 (р=0,003) раза. Заключение. По результатам однофакторного и многофакторного регрессионного анализа показано, что риск развития пневмонии статистически значимо увеличивается у пациентов с острой левожелудочковой недостаточностью, ДКМП, признаками застоя по малому и большому кругу кровообращения и имеющих клинически значимую гипотонию. Различные сочетания данных предикторов отмечались у 80% пациентов с ОДНС, среди которых в 20% случаев встречалось сочетание 3–5 факторов.
Community-acquired pneumonia is a significant factor leading to acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Each subsequent decompensation of the patient with heart failure leads to decrease in the functional reserve of the myocardium and worsens the life prognosis of this patient. Aim. Identify the most significant predictors of community-acquired pneumonia and their im-pact on the risk of this disease in patients with ADHF. Materials and methods. The analysis of the hospital sample of patients (n=852) with ADHF. In 16.5% of hospitalizations, community-acquired pneumonia was found. Results. The presence of symmetrical rales in the lungs, hepatomegaly, left ventricular failure signs, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypotension are increasing the risk of pneumonia in 3.7 (p<0.001), 1.6 (p=0.02), 1.86 (p=0.005), 1.72 (p=0.002), 2.7 (p=0.003) times. Conclusion. Based on results of a single and multivariate regression analysis, the risk of pneumonia is statistically significant increase in patients with acute left ventricular failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypotension, with signs of stagnation in the small and large circulatory circles. Different combinations of these predictors were found in 80% of patients with ADHF, among which in 20% of cases there was a combination of 3–5 factors.
Keywords: heart failure, acute decompensated heart failure, pneumonia, predictors of pneumonia, clinical epidemiology of heart failure.
Список литературы
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1. Ezekowitz JA, Kaul P, Bakal JA, et al. Declining in-hospital mortality and increasing heart failure incidence in elderly patients with first myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(1):13-20.
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.067
2. [Mareev VYu, Ageev FT, Arutyunov GP, et al. SEHF, RSC and RSMSIM national guidelines on CHF diagnostics and treatment (fourth revision). Approved at the SEHF Congress on December 7, 2012, at the SEHF Board of Directors meeting on March 31, 2013, and at the RSC Congress on September 25, 2013. Serdechnaya Nedostatochnost'. 2013;14(7):379-472 (In Russ.)].
3. Chun S, Tu JV, Wijeysundera HC, Austin PC, et al. Lifetime analysis of hospitalizations and survival of patients newly admitted with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5(4):414-21. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.964791
4. Desai AS, Stevenson LW. Rehospitalization for Heart Failure. Predict or Prevent? Circulation. 2012;126:501-6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.125435
5. Gheorghiade M, De Luca L, Fonarow GC, et al. Pathophysiologic targets in the early phase of acute heart failure syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(6A):11G-17G. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.016
6. Blecker S, Paul M, Taksler G, et al. Heart failure-associated hospitalizations in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(12):1259-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.038
7. Bottle A, Aylin P, Bell D. Effect of the readmission primary diagnosis and time interval in heart failure patients: analysis of English administrative data. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(8):846-53. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.129
8. Kwon B, Kim D, Jang S, et al. Prognosis of heart failure patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction and coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Heart Failure. 2010;12(12):1339-44.
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq157
9. [Arutyunov AG, Dragunov DO, Arutyunov GP, et al. First Open Study of Syndrome of Acute Decompensation of Heart Failure and Concomitant Diseases in Russian Federation: Independent Registry ORAKUL. Kardiologiya. 2015;55(5):12-21 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.18565/ cardio.2015.5.12-21
10. Yildirim I, Shea KM, Pelton SI. Pneumococcal Disease in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29(4):679-97. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.009
11. Kaplan V, Angus DC, Griffin MF, et al. Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: age- and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(6):766-72. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.6.2103038
12. Shea KM, Edelsberg J, Weycker D, et al. Rates of pneumococcal disease in adults with chronic medical conditions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(1):ofu024. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofu024
13. [Polyakov DS, Fomin IV, Valikulova FYu, et al. Evaluation of the impact of community-acquired pneumonia on short-term and long-term prognosis in a patient with chronic decompensated heart failure. Terapevticheskiy Arkhiv = Therapeutic Archive. 2016;88(9):17-22 (In Russ.)].
doi: 10.17116/terarkh201688917-22
14. R Core Team (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical com-puting. R Founda-tion for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
15. [Polyakov DS, Fomin IV, Badin YuV, et al. Effects of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and its changes between successive hospitalizations on prognosis for patients with acute decompensated CHF. Serdechnaya Nedostatochnost'. 2017;18(3):178-84 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.18087/RHFJ.2017.3.2357
16. Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, Blasi F. Risk factors for communi-ty-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013;68:1057-65. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204282
17. Bonten MJ, Huijts SM, Bolkenbaas M, et al. Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine against Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(12):1114-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408544
18. [Demko IV, Korchagin EE, Gordeeva NV, et al. An experience of vaccination against pneumococcal infection of adults at Krasnoyarsk krai. Pul'monologiya = Russian Pulmonology. 2017;27(1):21-8. (In Russ.)].
doi: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-1-21-28
19. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129-200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128