Хроническая болезнь почек как мультидисциплинарная проблема современной медицины
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
В России маркеры ХБП выявляются у 49,4% пациентов с артериальной гипертензией. Авторами описаны факторы риска и механизмы развития ХБП при наиболее значимых с патогенетической точки зрения состояниях: артериальной гипертензии, сахарном диабете и ожирении. Приведены актуальная классификация и методы расчета скорости клубочковой фильтрации. В обзоре дано представление о почечном континууме и его связи с заболеваниями сердечно-сосудистой системы. Известно, что непосредственной причиной гибели пациентов с ХБП, как правило, являются сердечно-сосудистые осложнения. На основании данных литературы обоснованы необходимость и целесообразность проведения скрининга нарушения функции почек. На примере использования блокатора рецепторов ангиотензина II ирбесартана продемонстрированы возможности нефропротективного вмешательства у пациентов с дисфункцией почек разной степени выраженности.
Ключевые слова: хроническая болезнь почек, почечный континуум, нефропротекция, блокатор рецепторов ангиотензина II.
________________________________________________
A review deals with the problem of chronic kidney disease (CKD) from the position of a physician and cardiologist. The epidemiology of the disease was discussed both abroad and in Russia, including the most up-to-date data. In Russia CKD markers were detected in 49.4% of hypertensives. Authors describe risk factors and mechanisms of CKD at the most important pathogenetic conditions: hypertension, diabetes and obesity. The current classification and methods for calculating the glomerular filtration rate are given. The review disclose a paradigm of the renal continuum and its relation to cardiovascular diseases. It is well known fact that the final causes of the death of patients with CKD, as a rule, are cardiovascular complications. Based on the literature data, the necessity and expediency of screening for renal dysfunction is justified. In the example of use of an angiotensin receptor blocker II – irbesartan nephroprotective demonstrated possibilities of intervention in patients with renal dysfunction of varying severity.
Key words: chronic kidney disease, renal continuum, nephroprotection, angiotensin II receptor blockers.
a summary. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10:1-10. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfw135
2. Tomson CR, Foley RN, Li Q, Gilbertson DT, Xue JL, Collins AJ. Race and end-stage renal disease in the United States Medicare population: the disparity persists. Nephrology (Carlton). 2008 Oct;13(7):651-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01010.x
3. 2017 USRDS Annual Data Report: Executive Summary. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(3 Suppl. 1):S1-S8. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.01.003
4. Jager KJ, Ocak G, Drechsler C, et al. The EQUAL study: a European study in chronic kidney disease stage 4 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(Suppl. 3):iii27–iii31. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs277. Epub 2012 Jul 4.
5. Caskey FJ, Jager KJ. A population approach to renal replacement therapy epidemiology: lessons from the EVEREST study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1494-9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft390. Epub 2013
Oct 28.
6. Ощепкова Е.В., Долгушева Ю.А., Жернакова Ю.В. и др. Распространенность нарушения функции почек при артериальной гипертонии (по данным эпидемиологического исследования ЭССЕ‐РФ). Системные гипертензии. 2015;12(3):19-24 [Oschepkova EV, Dolgusheva YuA, Zhernakova YuV, et al. The prevalence of renal dysfunction in arterial hypertension (according to the epidemiological study of ESSE‐RF. Sistemnye Gipertenzii. 2015;12(3):19-24 (In Russ.)].
7. Нагайцева С.С., Швецов М.Ю., Герасимов А.Н. и др. Исследование альбуминурии как маркера хронической болезни почек у взрослого трудоспособного населения. Альманах клинической медицины. 2014;(30):37-45 [Nagaitseva SS, Shvetsov MYu, Gerasimov AN, et al. A study of albuminuria as a marker of chronic kidney disease in an adult ablebodied population. Al'manah klinicheskoj mediciny = Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2014;(30):37-45 (In Russ.)].
8. Кобалава Ж.Д., Виллевальде С.В., Боровкова Н.Ю., Шутов А.М., Ничик Т.Е., Сафуанова Г.Ш. от имени исследователей программы ХРОНОГРАФ. Распространенность маркеров хронической болезни почек у пациентов с артериальной гипертонией: результаты эпидемиологического исследования ХРОНОГРАФ. Кардиология. 2017;57(10):39-44 [Kobalava ZhD, Villevalde SV, Borovkova NYu, Shutov AM, Nichik TE, Safuanova GSh on behalf of the study participants. Prevalence of Markers of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients With Arterial Hypertension: Results of Epidemiological Trial CHRONOGRAF. Kardiologiia. 2017;57(10):39-44 (In Russ.)].
doi: 10.18087/cardio.2017.10.10041
9. Моисеев B.C., Мухин Н.А., Смирнов А.В. и др. Национальные рекомендации. Сердечно-сосудистый риск и хроническая болезнь почек: стратегии кардио-нефропротекции. 2013. Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2014;23(3):4-27 [Moiseev BC, Muhin NA, Smirnov AV, et al. National recommendations. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: cardio-nephroprotective strategies 2013. Klinicheskaja Farmakologija i Terapija. 2014;23(4):4-27 (In Russ.)].
10. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1-150.
11. Смирнов А.В., Шилов Е.М., Добронравов В.А., Каюков И.Г. Национальные рекомендации. Хроническая болезнь почек: основные принципы скрининга, диагностики, профилактики и подходы к лечению. Санкт-Петербург: Левша; 2012. С. 54 [Smirnov AV, Shilov EM, Dobronravov VA, Kajukov IG. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii. Khronicheskaya bolezn' pochek: osnovnye printsipy skrininga, diagnostiki, profilaktiki i podkhody k lecheniyu [National recommendations. Chronic kidney disease: the basic principles of screening, diagnosis, prevention, and approaches to treatment]. St. Petersburg: Levsha; 2012; 54 p. (In Russ.)].
12. Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium; Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9731):2073-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5. Epub 2010 May 17.
13. Van der Velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;79(12):1341-52.
doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.536. Epub 2011 Feb 9.
14. Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011;80(1):17-28. doi: 10.1038/ki. 2010.483. Epub 2010 Dec 8.
15. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(2):137-47.
16. Hallan SI, Ritz E, Lydersen S, Romundstad S, Kvenild K, Orth SR. Combining GFR and albuminuria to classify CKD improves prediction of ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 May;20(5):1069-77.
doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008070730. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
17. Eriksen B, Ingebretsen O. The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age. Kidney Int. 2006;69:375-82.
18. McCullough PA. CKD and cardiovascular disease in screened high-risk volunteer and general populations: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4 Suppl. 2):S38-S45. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.017
19. Chrysohoou C. Renal function, cardiovascular disease risk factors’ prevalence and 5-year disease incidence: the role of diet, exercise, lipids and inflammation markers: the ATTICA study. QJM. 2010;103:413-22. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcq045. Epub 2010 Apr 7.
20. Yu MK. Risk Factor, age and sex differences in chronic kidney disease prevalence in a diabetic cohort: the pathways study. Am J Nephrol. 2012;36(3):245-61. doi: 10.1159/000342210. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
21. Daugherty SL. Sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with incident hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013;31(2):271-7.
doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835bdc44
22. Warmoth L, Regalado MM, Simoni J, et al. Cigarette smoking enhances increased urine albumin excretion as a risk factor for glomerular filtration rate decline in primary hypertension. Am J Med Sci. 2005;330(3):111-9.
23. Подзолков В.И., Брагина А.Е., Родионова Ю.Н. Влияние табакокурения на состояние почечной и центральной гемодинамики у мужчин и женщин с эссенциальной артериальной гипертензией. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2009;8(6):10-5 [Podzolkov VI, Bragina AE, Rodionova YuN. Smoking effects on renal and central hemodynamics in men and women with essential arterial hypertension. Kardiovaskulyarnaya Terapiya i Profilaktika = Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2009;8(6):10-5 (In Russ.)].
24. Atkins RC. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;67(94):14-8.
25. Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate in nondiabetic Americans: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(5):1338-49.
26. Böhm M, Thoenes M, Danchin N, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with microalbuminuria in hypertensive individuals: the iSEARCH global study. J Hypertens. 2007;25(11):2317-24.
27. Маслова О.В., Сунцов Ю.И., Шестакова М.В., Казаков И.В., Викулова О.К., Сухарева О.Ю., Мартынов С.А. Распространенность диабетической нефропатии и хронической болезни почек при сахарном диабете в Российской Федерации. Клиническая нефрология. 2010;(3):45-51 [Maslova OV, Suncov YuI, Shestakova MV, Kazakov IV, Vikulova OK, Sukhareva OYu, Martynov SA. Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease in diabetes mellitus in the Russian Federation. Klinicheskaya Nefrologiya. 2010;(3):45-51 (In Russ.)].
28. Luke RG. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: pathogenesis and prevalence. Essential hypertension is an important cause of end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(10):2271-8.
29. Hill GS. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008;17(3):266-70.
30. Ritz E, Orth S, Weinreich T, Wagner J. Systemic hypertension versus intraglomerular hypertension in progression. Kidney Int. 1994;45 (2):438-42.
31. Herrera-Acosta J. The role of systemic and glomerular hypertension in progressive glomerular injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 1994;45:S6-10.
32. Burns KD. Angiotensin II and its receptors in the diabetic kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(3):449-67.
33. Sharma AM. Renal involvement in hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2003;5(Suppl F):F12-F8.
34. Ritz E, Amann K, Fliser D. The sympathetic nervous system and the kidney: its importance in renal diseases. Blood Press. 1998; Suppl 3:14-9.
35. Williams JD, Coles GA. Proteinuria – a direct cause of renal morbidity? Kidney Int. 1994;45(2):443-50.
36. Keane WF. Lipids and the kidney. Kidney Int. 1994;46(3):910-20.
37. Подзолков В.И., Булатов В.А. Миокард. Нефрон. Взгляд через призму эволюции артериальной гипертензии. Русский медицинский журнал. 2008;16(11):1517-23 [Podzolkov VI, Bulatov VA. Myocardium, nephron. A view through the prism of the hypertension evolution. Russkiy Meditsinskiy Zhurnal. 2008;16(11):1517-23 (In Russ.)].
38. Климонтов В.В., Мякина Н.Е. Хроническая болезнь почек при сахарном диабете. Новосибирск: Издательство НГУ; 2014. 44 c. [Klimontov VV, Mjakina NE. Khronicheskaya bolezn' pochek pri sakharnom diabete [Chronic kidney disease in diabetes mellitus]. Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NGU; 2014. 44 p. (In Russ.)].
39. Шестакова М.В. Сахарный диабет и хроническая болезнь почек: современная диагностика и лечение. Вестник РАМН. 2012;(1):45-9 [Shestakova MV. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: modern diagnostics and treatment. Vestnic RAMN. 2012;(1):45-9 (In Russ.)].
40. Otu HH, Can H, Spentzos D, et al. Prediction of diabetic nephropathy using urine proteomic profiling 10 years prior to development of nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):638-43.
41. Краснова Е.А., Моисеев С.В., Фомин В.В. Нефрологические аспекты проблемы ожирения. Клиническая медицина. 2005;(4):8-13 [Krasnova EA, Moiseev, SV, Fomin, VV. Nephrological aspects of obesity. Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 2005;(4):8-13 (In Russ.)].
42. Подзолков В.И., Брагина А.Е., Родионова Ю.Н. Гендерные особенности микроальбуминурии и ее взаимосвязь с показателями внутрипочечной гемодинамики и уровнем лептина у больных артериальной гипертензией. Рациальная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2012;8(1):31-6 [Podzolkov VI, Bragina AE, Rodionova YuN. Gender distinctions of microalbuminuria and its relation to intrarenal hemodynamic and leptin level in arterial hypertension. Ratsial'naya Farmakoterapiya v Kardiologii = Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2012;8(1):31-6 (In Russ.)].
43. Подзолков В.И., Булатов В.А. Гипертонические изменения почек. В кн.: Подзолков В.И. Артериальная гипертензия. Москва: МИА; 2016. С. 170-202 [Podzolkov VI, Bulatov VA. Hypertensive renal changes. In: Podzolkov VI. Arterial'naya gipertenziya [Arterial hypertension]. Moscow: MIA; 2016. P. 170-202 (In Russ.)].
44. Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д., Моисеев С.В., Фо-
мин В.В. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Терапевтический архив. 2004;(6):39-47 [Mukhin NA, Moiseev VS, Kobalava ZD, Moiseev SV, Fomin VV. Cardiorenal interactions: clinical implication and role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2004;(6):39-47 (In Russ.)].
45. Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, et al. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):703-11. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507. Epub 2009 Dec 25.
46. Ronco C, Ronco F. Cardio-renal syndromes: a systematic approach for consensus definition and classification. Heart Failure Reviews. 2012;17(2):151-60. doi: 10.1007/s10741-010-9224-0
47. Fernandez-Fernandez O, Garcia-Trujillo L, Guerrero-Fernandez M, et al. The effectiveness of glatiramer acetate in clinical practice: an observational study. Revista de Neurologia. 2012;54(1):1-9.
48. Zhang QL, Rothenbacher D. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population based studies: systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:117-24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-117
49. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2011;298:2038-47.
50. Zoccali C, Kramer A, Jager KJ. Epidemiology of CKD in Europe: an uncertain scenario. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1731-3.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq250
51. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):870-8.
52. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851-60.
53. Hallan SI, Dahl K, Oien CM, Grootendorst DC, Aasberg A, Holmen J, Dekker FW. Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey. BMJ. 2006 Nov 18;333(7577):1047.
________________________________________________
1. Pippias M. The European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry Annual Report 2014:
a summary. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10:1-10. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfw135
2. Tomson CR, Foley RN, Li Q, Gilbertson DT, Xue JL, Collins AJ. Race and end-stage renal disease in the United States Medicare population: the disparity persists. Nephrology (Carlton). 2008 Oct;13(7):651-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01010.x
3. 2017 USRDS Annual Data Report: Executive Summary. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(3 Suppl. 1):S1-S8. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.01.003
4. Jager KJ, Ocak G, Drechsler C, et al. The EQUAL study: a European study in chronic kidney disease stage 4 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(Suppl. 3):iii27–iii31. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs277. Epub 2012 Jul 4.
5. Caskey FJ, Jager KJ. A population approach to renal replacement therapy epidemiology: lessons from the EVEREST study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1494-9. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft390. Epub 2013
Oct 28.
6. [Oschepkova EV, Dolgusheva YuA, Zhernakova YuV, et al. The prevalence of renal dysfunction in arterial hypertension (according to the epidemiological study of ESSE‐RF. Sistemnye Gipertenzii. 2015;12(3):19-24 (In Russ.)].
7. [Nagaitseva SS, Shvetsov MYu, Gerasimov AN, et al. A study of albuminuria as a marker of chronic kidney disease in an adult ablebodied population. Al'manah klinicheskoj mediciny = Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2014;(30):37-45 (In Russ.)].
8. [Kobalava ZhD, Villevalde SV, Borovkova NYu, Shutov AM, Nichik TE, Safuanova GSh on behalf of the study participants. Prevalence of Markers of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients With Arterial Hypertension: Results of Epidemiological Trial CHRONOGRAF. Kardiologiia. 2017;57(10):39-44 (In Russ.)].
doi: 10.18087/cardio.2017.10.10041
9. [Moiseev BC, Muhin NA, Smirnov AV, et al. National recommendations. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: cardio-nephroprotective strategies 2013. Klinicheskaja Farmakologija i Terapija. 2014;23(4):4-27 (In Russ.)].
10. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1-150.
11. [Smirnov AV, Shilov EM, Dobronravov VA, Kajukov IG. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii. Khronicheskaya bolezn' pochek: osnovnye printsipy skrininga, diagnostiki, profilaktiki i podkhody k lecheniyu [National recommendations. Chronic kidney disease: the basic principles of screening, diagnosis, prevention, and approaches to treatment]. St. Petersburg: Levsha; 2012; 54 p. (In Russ.)].
12. Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium; Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9731):2073-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5. Epub 2010 May 17.
13. Van der Velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;79(12):1341-52.
doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.536. Epub 2011 Feb 9.
14. Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011;80(1):17-28. doi: 10.1038/ki. 2010.483. Epub 2010 Dec 8.
15. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(2):137-47.
16. Hallan SI, Ritz E, Lydersen S, Romundstad S, Kvenild K, Orth SR. Combining GFR and albuminuria to classify CKD improves prediction of ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 May;20(5):1069-77.
doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008070730. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
17. Eriksen B, Ingebretsen O. The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age. Kidney Int. 2006;69:375-82.
18. McCullough PA. CKD and cardiovascular disease in screened high-risk volunteer and general populations: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4 Suppl. 2):S38-S45. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.017
19. Chrysohoou C. Renal function, cardiovascular disease risk factors’ prevalence and 5-year disease incidence: the role of diet, exercise, lipids and inflammation markers: the ATTICA study. QJM. 2010;103:413-22. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcq045. Epub 2010 Apr 7.
20. Yu MK. Risk Factor, age and sex differences in chronic kidney disease prevalence in a diabetic cohort: the pathways study. Am J Nephrol. 2012;36(3):245-61. doi: 10.1159/000342210. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
21. Daugherty SL. Sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with incident hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013;31(2):271-7.
doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835bdc44
22. Warmoth L, Regalado MM, Simoni J, et al. Cigarette smoking enhances increased urine albumin excretion as a risk factor for glomerular filtration rate decline in primary hypertension. Am J Med Sci. 2005;330(3):111-9.
23. [Podzolkov VI, Bragina AE, Rodionova YuN. Smoking effects on renal and central hemodynamics in men and women with essential arterial hypertension. Kardiovaskulyarnaya Terapiya i Profilaktika = Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2009;8(6):10-5 (In Russ.)].
24. Atkins RC. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;67(94):14-8.
25. Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate in nondiabetic Americans: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(5):1338-49.
26. Böhm M, Thoenes M, Danchin N, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with microalbuminuria in hypertensive individuals: the iSEARCH global study. J Hypertens. 2007;25(11):2317-24.
27. [Maslova OV, Suncov YuI, Shestakova MV, Kazakov IV, Vikulova OK, Sukhareva OYu, Martynov SA. Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease in diabetes mellitus in the Russian Federation. Klinicheskaya Nefrologiya. 2010;(3):45-51 (In Russ.)].
28. Luke RG. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: pathogenesis and prevalence. Essential hypertension is an important cause of end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(10):2271-8.
29. Hill GS. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008;17(3):266-70.
30. Ritz E, Orth S, Weinreich T, Wagner J. Systemic hypertension versus intraglomerular hypertension in progression. Kidney Int. 1994;45 (2):438-42.
31. Herrera-Acosta J. The role of systemic and glomerular hypertension in progressive glomerular injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 1994;45:S6-10.
32. Burns KD. Angiotensin II and its receptors in the diabetic kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(3):449-67.
33. Sharma AM. Renal involvement in hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2003;5(Suppl F):F12-F8.
34. Ritz E, Amann K, Fliser D. The sympathetic nervous system and the kidney: its importance in renal diseases. Blood Press. 1998; Suppl 3:14-9.
35. Williams JD, Coles GA. Proteinuria – a direct cause of renal morbidity? Kidney Int. 1994;45(2):443-50.
36. Keane WF. Lipids and the kidney. Kidney Int. 1994;46(3):910-20.
37. [Podzolkov VI, Bulatov VA. Myocardium, nephron. A view through the prism of the hypertension evolution. Russkiy Meditsinskiy Zhurnal. 2008;16(11):1517-23 (In Russ.)].
38. [Klimontov VV, Mjakina NE. Khronicheskaya bolezn' pochek pri sakharnom diabete [Chronic kidney disease in diabetes mellitus]. Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NGU; 2014. 44 p. (In Russ.)].
39. [Shestakova MV. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: modern diagnostics and treatment. Vestnic RAMN. 2012;(1):45-9 (In Russ.)].
40. Otu HH, Can H, Spentzos D, et al. Prediction of diabetic nephropathy using urine proteomic profiling 10 years prior to development of nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):638-43.
41. [Krasnova EA, Moiseev, SV, Fomin, VV. Nephrological aspects of obesity. Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 2005;(4):8-13 (In Russ.)].
42. [Podzolkov VI, Bragina AE, Rodionova YuN. Gender distinctions of microalbuminuria and its relation to intrarenal hemodynamic and leptin level in arterial hypertension. Ratsial'naya Farmakoterapiya v Kardiologii = Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2012;8(1):31-6 (In Russ.)].
43. [Podzolkov VI, Bulatov VA. Hypertensive renal changes. In: Podzolkov VI. Arterial'naya gipertenziya [Arterial hypertension]. Moscow: MIA; 2016. P. 170-202 (In Russ.)].
44. [Mukhin NA, Moiseev VS, Kobalava ZD, Moiseev SV, Fomin VV. Cardiorenal interactions: clinical implication and role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2004;(6):39-47 (In Russ.)].
45. Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, et al. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):703-11. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507. Epub 2009 Dec 25.
46. Ronco C, Ronco F. Cardio-renal syndromes: a systematic approach for consensus definition and classification. Heart Failure Reviews. 2012;17(2):151-60. doi: 10.1007/s10741-010-9224-0
47. Fernandez-Fernandez O, Garcia-Trujillo L, Guerrero-Fernandez M, et al. The effectiveness of glatiramer acetate in clinical practice: an observational study. Revista de Neurologia. 2012;54(1):1-9.
48. Zhang QL, Rothenbacher D. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population based studies: systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:117-24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-117
49. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2011;298:2038-47.
50. Zoccali C, Kramer A, Jager KJ. Epidemiology of CKD in Europe: an uncertain scenario. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1731-3.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq250
51. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):870-8.
52. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851-60.
53. Hallan SI, Dahl K, Oien CM, Grootendorst DC, Aasberg A, Holmen J, Dekker FW. Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey. BMJ. 2006 Nov 18;333(7577):1047.
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
________________________________________________
V.I. Podzolkov, A.E. Bragina
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia