Цель. Изучение наличия и выраженности жалоб (головная боль, головокружение, снижение памяти, концентрации внимания, нарушение сна, снижение настроения, повышенная тревожность), состояния когнитивных функций, эмоционального статуса и качества ночного сна у ранее не леченных пациентов среднего возраста с эссенциальной артериальной гипертензией (АГ) II стадии
1–2-й степени по сравнению со здоровыми лицами среднего возраста. Материалы и методы. Обследованы 103 больных АГ, ранее не получавших медикаментозной антигипертензивной терапии, в возрасте 40–59 лет на момент включения в исследование, соответствующие критериям включения/не включения и подписавшие информированное согласие (46 мужчин, средний возраст 53,6±0,8 года) и 50 практически здоровых людей (17 мужчин, средний возраст 51,5±1,0 год) с нормальным уровнем артериального давления (АД) – контрольная группа. Средняя длительность АГ составила 2,9±5,7 года. Когнитивные функции изучали с помощью Монреальской шкалы оценки когнитивных функций, теста 10 слов, теста вербальных ассоциаций, теста связи цифр (часть А) и цифр и букв (часть В; ТМТ), теста Струпа. Наличие тревоги и депрессии определяли по соответствующим шкалам Гамильтона (HARS и HDRS). Суточное мониторирование АД (СМАД) выполняли согласно европейским рекомендациям по проведению СМАД. Результаты. Жалобы на нарушения памяти предъявили 70% больных АГ, на снижение концентрации внимания – 68%, нарушения сна – 22%, головокружение – 12%, головную боль – 9%. Пациентам с АГ требовалось статистически значимо больше времени для выполнения части В ТМТ (p<0,05), выявлены статистически значимая более высокая разница между временем выполнения части В и А ТМТ (p<0,01), статистически значимый более низкий средний балл по MoCA (p<0,05). У больных АГ обнаружены статистически значимо более высокие средние баллы по шкалам тревоги (2,1±3,7 балла) и депрессии Гамильтона (1,1±2,4 балла) по сравнению с контролем (0,3±0,9 балла, p<0,01 и 0,1±0,5 балла, p<0,001 соответственно). У пациентов с АГ и жалобами на нарушение сна выявлено низкое качество сна (8,7±2,8 балла). Среди пациентов с АГ с жалобами на головную боль диагностированы эпизодическая мигрень (66,6%) или хроническая ежедневная головная боль напряжения (33,4%). У этих пациентов отмечено выраженное влияние головной боли на общее самочувствие пациента и его повседневную активность по данным индекса HIT-6 (средний балл 57,5±6,1). Из 12 больных АГ с жалобой на головокружение в единичных случаях диагностированы доброкачественное пароксизмальное позиционное головокружение и болезнь Меньера. Заключение. Для больных среднего возраста с эссенциальной АГ на ранних этапах заболевания характерны жалобы на нарушения памяти, внимания, нарушения сна, реже – на головокружение и головную боль. Они отличаются от здоровых лиц той же возрастной группы наличием когнитивных нарушений и более высокими баллами по шкалам тревоги и депрессии. У пациентов с АГ и жалобами на нарушение сна выявлено низкое качество сна. Головная боль у пациентов с АГ вызвана эпизодической мигренью или головной болью напряжения, которые негативно влияли на общее самочувствие и повседневную активность пациента.
Ключевые слова: артериальная гипертензия, средний возраст, когнитивные функции, нарушения сна, головная боль, головокружение, тревога, депрессия.
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Aim. To evaluate the presence and the severity of the complaints (headache, dizziness, memory loss, concentration of attention, sleep disturbances, decreased mood, increased anxiety), the state of cognitive functions, emotional status and quality of night sleep in treatment-naïve middle-aged patients with mild to moderate EAH compared to healthy volunteers of the same age. Materials and methods. 103 treatment-naïve patients with EAH aged 40–59 years at the enrollment, who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and provided written informed consent (46 men, mean age 53.6±0.8 years) and 50 healthy volunteers (17 men, mean age 51.5±1.0 years) with normal blood pressure (BP) level – control group – were enrolled to the study. Mean EAH duration was 2.9±5.7 years. Cognitive assessment included Montreal cognitive assessment, 10-words learning task, verbal fluency test, TMT, Stroop color and word test. Anxiety and depression were evaluated via Hamilton rating scales (HARS and HDRS). 24-hours ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) was performed according to European guidelines. Results. 70% of patients with EAH complained of memory disturbance, 68% – lack of attention, 22% – sleep disturbances, 12% – dizziness, 9% – headache. It took statistically significant more time for patients with EAH to perform on TMT B (p<0.05), they had significantly higher TMT B – TMT A difference score (p<0.01) and lower mean MoCA score (p<0.05). Patients with EAH had significantly higher mean score in Hamilton anxiety (2.1±3.7) and depression (1.1±2.4) rating scales compared to controls (0.3±0.9 points, p<0.01 and 0.1±0.5 points, p<0.001, respectively). Patients with EAH who complained of sleep disturbances had low sleep quality (8.7±2.8 points). Among patients with EAH who complained about headaches 66.6% had episodic migraine and chronic tension type headache (33.4%). Those patients had a substantial impact of headache on life and daily living according to HIT-6 (mean score – 57.5±6.1). Only 2 patients out of 12 with complains about dizziness had benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and Ménière's disease. Conclusion. Complaints about memory dysfunction, lack of attention, sleep disturbances, less common – dizziness and headaches, are most typical in patients with EAH on the early stages of the disease. They differ from healthy volunteers of the same age by having cognitive impairment and higher anxiety and depression scores. Patients with EAH who complained about sleep disturbances had low sleep quality. Headache in patients with EAH was due to episodic migraine and tension type headache which had a negative impact on life and daily living.
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1 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский университет)
Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
1 Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of the higher eduction Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
2 Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of the higher eduction Evdokimov Moscow State Medical-Stomatological University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia