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2. Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К. и др. Сахарный диабет в Российской Федерации: распространенность, заболеваемость, смертность, параметры углеводного обмена и структура сахароснижающей терапии по данным федерального регистра сахарного диабета, статус 2017 г. Сахарный диабет. 2018;21(3):144-59 [Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Vikulova OK, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Russian Federation: prevalence, morbidity, mortality, parameters of glycaemic control and structure of glucose lowering therapy according to the Federal Diabetes Register, status 2017. Sakharnyi Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2018;21(3):144-59 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/DM9686
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________________________________________________

1. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 8th ed. 2017. Available from: https://www.idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas/134-idf-diabetes-atlas-8th-editio...
2. [Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Vikulova OK, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Russian Federation: prevalence, morbidity, mortality, parameters of glycaemic control and structure of glucose lowering therapy according to the Federal Diabetes Register, status 2017. Sakharnyi Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2018;21(3):144-59 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/DM9686
3. [Zakharov VV, Yakhno NN. Cognitive disorders in the elderly and senile age. Methodical manual for doctors. Moscow, 2005. 71 p. (In Russ.)].
4. [Tanashian MM, Lagoda OV, Orlov SV, et al. Cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Therapeutic Archive. 2013;85(10):34-42 (In Russ.)].
5. Roberts R, Knopman DS. Classification and epidemiology of MCI. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29(4):753-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.003
6. Munshi MN, Medha N. Cognitive dysfunction in older adults with diabetes: what a clinician needs to know. Diabetes Care. 2017 Apr;40(4):461-7. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1229
7. [Tanashyan MM, Lagoda OV, Antonova KV. Metabolic syndrome and cerebrovascular diseases. Akademiya insul'ta. Al'manakh №3. P. 155-64 (In Russ.)].
8. [Sosina VB, Zakharov VV, Strokov IA, Vakhnina NV. Cognitive impairment in diabetes mellitus. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2017;9(1):90-5 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2017-1-90-95
9. [Piradov MA, Tanashyan MM, Maksimova MYu. Stroke: modern diagnostic and treatment technologies. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2018. 3rd ed. 121 p. (In Russ.)].
10. Rajala U, Laakso M, Paivansalo M, et al. Blood pressure and atherosclerotic plaques in carotid, aortic and femoral arteries in elderly Finns with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:85-91. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001779
11. Tuttolomondo A, Pinto A, Salemi G, Di Raimondo D, Di Sciacca R, Fernandez P, Licata G. Diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with ischemic stroke: differences, subtype distribution and outcome. Nutrit Metabol Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18(2):152-7. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.02.003
12. Papa G, Degano C, Iurato MP, Licciardello C, Maiorana R, Finocchiaro C. Macrovascular complication phenotypes in type 2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12(1):20. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-20
13.  [Tanashyan MM, ed. Vascular diseases of the brain and metabolic syndrome. A guide for doctors. Moscow: AST 345, 2017 (In Russ.)].
14. Convit A, Wolf OT, Tarshish C, De Leon MJ. Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2003;100(4):2019-22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0336073100
15. Kissela BM, Khoury J, Kleindorfer D, Woo D, Schneider A, Alwell K, et al. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes: the greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(2):355-9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.2.355
16. Air EL, Kissela BM. Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ischemic stroke: epidemiology and possible mechanisms. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(12):3131-40. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1537
17. Chen R, Ovbiagele B, Feng W. Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes. Am J Med Sci. 2016;351(4):380-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.011
18. Hu G, Sarti C, Jousilahti P, Peltonen M, Qiao Q, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J. The impact of history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes at baseline on the incidence of stroke and stroke mortality. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2538-43. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000190894.30964.75
19. Hägg S, Thorn LM, Putaala J, Liebkind R, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom CM, et al, & FinnDiane Study Group. (2013). Incidence of stroke according to presence of diabetic nephropathy and severe diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4140-6. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0669
20. Prospective DU. Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317(7160):703. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7160.703 
21. Selvin E, Coresh J, Shahar E, Zhang L, Steffes M, Sharrett AR. Glycaemia (haemoglobin A1c) and incident ischaemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(12):821-6. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70227-1
22. Ramirez A, Wolfsgruber S, Lange C, Kaduszkiewicz H, Weyerer S, Werle J, et al. Elevated HbA 1c is associated with increased risk of incident dementia in primary care patients. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2015;44(4):1203-12. doi: 10.3233/JAD-141521
23. Xu WL, von Strauss E, Qiu CX, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(6):1031. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1323-x
24. Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(1):64-74. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2
25. Nelson PT, Smith CD, Abner EA, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, Davis GJ, et al. Human cerebral neuropathology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) – Mol Basis Dis. 2009;1792(5):454-69. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.005
26. Rawlings AM, Sharrett AR, Schneider AL, Coresh J, Albert M, Couper D, et al. Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(11):785-93. doi: 10.7326/M14-0737
27. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Stern Y, Shea S, Mayeux R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(7):635-41. doi: 10.1093/aje/154.7.635
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Е.В. Суркова 1, М.М. Танашян 2, А.И. Беспалов 1, А.В. Наминов 2

1 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии», Москва, Россия

________________________________________________

E.V. Surkova 1, M.M. Tanashyan 2, A.I. Bespalov 1, A.V. Naminov 2

1 Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
2 Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia