1. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26-35. 
2. Murphy L, Schwartz TA, Helmick CG, et al. Lifetime risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(9):1207-13. doi: 10.1002/art.24021 
3. Lawrence JS, Bremner JM, Bier F. Osteo-arthrosis. Prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and X-ray changes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1966;25(1):1-24. doi: 10.1136/annrheumd00506-0006 
4. Miller ME, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP, et al. Modifiers of change in physical functioning in older adults with knee pain: the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45(4):331-9. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)45:4<331::aid-art345>3.0.co;2-6 
5. Felson DT, Naimark A, Anderson J, et al. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(8):914-8. doi: 10.1002/art.1780300811 
6. Jordan JM, Helmick CG, Renner JB, Luta J, Dragomir AD, Woodard J, Fang F, Schwartz TA, Nelson AE, Abbate LM, Callahan LF. Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(4):809-15. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.080677 
7. Felson DT. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: understanding joint vulnerability. Clin Orthopaed Relat Res. 2004;(427 Suppl):S16-21. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000144971.12731.a2 
8. Chaganti RK, Parimi N, Cawthon P, Dam TL, Nevitt MC, Lane NE. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prevalent osteoarthritis of the hip in elderly men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):511-4. doi: 10.1002/art.27241 
9. Gelber AC. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(5):321-8. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00007 
10. Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS. Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1995;3(4):261-7. doi: 10.1016/s1063-4584(05)80017-2 
11. Rosenthal AK. Calcium crystal deposition and osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2006;32(2):401-12. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2006.02.004 
12. Macfarlane GJ, Barnish MS, Jones GT. Persons with chronic widespread pain experience excess mortality: longitudinal results from UK Biobank and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1815-22. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211476 
13. Sampson EL, White N, Lord K, et al. Pain, agitation, and behavioural problems in people with dementia admitted to general hospital wards: a longitudinal cohort study. Pain. 2015;156:675-83. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000095 
14. Rajkumar AP, Ballard C, Fossey J, et al. Epidemiology of pain in people with dementia living in care homes: longitudinal course, prevalence, and treatment implications. J Am Med Direct Assoc. 2017;18:453.e1-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.01.024 
15. Meraya AM, Dwibedi N, Sambamoorthi U. Polypharmacy and Health-Related Quality of Life Among US Adults With Arthritis, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2010–2012. Prevent Chron Dis. 2016;13:E132. doi: 10.5888/pcd13.160092 
16. Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK. Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Medic. 2017;177:1146-53. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1622 
17. Pitcher MH, Von Korff M, Bushnell MC, Porter L. Prevalence and Profile of High-Impact Chronic Pain in the United States. J Pain. 2018;20(2):146-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.006
18. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Newman AB, Studenski SA. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the american geriatrics society/national institute on aging research conference on frailty in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(6):991-1001. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x 
19. Клинические рекомендации Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации «Старческая астения». 2018;8-9 [Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation «Frailty». 2018;8-9 (In Russ.)].
20. Rodríguez-Mañas L, Féart C, Mann G, Viña J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, Gonzalez-Colaço Harmand M, Bergman H, Carcaillon L, Nicholson C, Scuteri A, Sinclair A, Pelaez M, Van der Cammen T, Beland F, Bickenbach J, Delamarche P, Ferrucci L, Fried LP, Gutiérrez-Robledo LM, Rockwood K, Rodríguez Artalejo F, Serviddio G, Vega E. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement: the frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol: Ser A. 2013;68(1):62-7. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gls119 
21. Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012.60(8):1487-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x 
22. American Medical Association white paper on elderly health. Report of the council on scientific affairs. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(12):2459-72. doi: 10.1001/archinte.150.12.2459 
23. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197-223. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4
24. Misra D, Felson DT, Silliman RA, Nevitt M, Lewis CE, Torner J, Neogi T. Knee osteoarthritis and frailty: findings from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and Osteoarthritis Initiative. J Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(3):339-44. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu102
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26. Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S , Olivieri F, Sevini F, Panourgia MP, Invidia L, Celani L, Scurti M, Cevenini E, Castellani G, Salvioli S. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: A systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mechan Ageing Devel. 2007;128(1):92-105. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016 
27. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Cawthon PM, Fink HA, Taylor BC, Cauley JA, Dam T-T, Marshall LM, Orwoll ES, Cummings SR, for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group. A comparison of frailty indexes for the prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and mortality in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:492-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.x 
28. Felson DT, Niu J, Yang T, Torner J, Lewis CE, Aliabadi P, Sack B, Sharma L, Guermazi A, Goggins J, Nevitt MC. Physical activity, alignment and knee osteoarthritis: data from MOST and the OAI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(6):789-95. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.001 
29. McGuigan FE, Bartosch P, Åkesson KE. Musculoskeletal health and frailty. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(2):145-59. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.11.002 
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50. Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, Jensen AC, DeRonne B, Goldsmith ES, et al. Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: the SPACE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319:872-82. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0899 
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________________________________________________

1. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26-35. 
2. Murphy L, Schwartz TA, Helmick CG, et al. Lifetime risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(9):1207-13. doi: 10.1002/art.24021 
3. Lawrence JS, Bremner JM, Bier F. Osteo-arthrosis. Prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and X-ray changes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1966;25(1):1-24. doi: 10.1136/annrheumd00506-0006 
4. Miller ME, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP, et al. Modifiers of change in physical functioning in older adults with knee pain: the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45(4):331-9. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)45:4<331::aid-art345>3.0.co;2-6 
5. Felson DT, Naimark A, Anderson J, et al. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(8):914-8. doi: 10.1002/art.1780300811 
6. Jordan JM, Helmick CG, Renner JB, Luta J, Dragomir AD, Woodard J, Fang F, Schwartz TA, Nelson AE, Abbate LM, Callahan LF. Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(4):809-15. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.080677 
7. Felson DT. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: understanding joint vulnerability. Clin Orthopaed Relat Res. 2004;(427 Suppl):S16-21. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000144971.12731.a2 
8. Chaganti RK, Parimi N, Cawthon P, Dam TL, Nevitt MC, Lane NE. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prevalent osteoarthritis of the hip in elderly men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):511-4. doi: 10.1002/art.27241 
9. Gelber AC. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(5):321-8. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00007 
10. Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS. Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1995;3(4):261-7. doi: 10.1016/s1063-4584(05)80017-2 
11. Rosenthal AK. Calcium crystal deposition and osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2006;32(2):401-12. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2006.02.004 
12. Macfarlane GJ, Barnish MS, Jones GT. Persons with chronic widespread pain experience excess mortality: longitudinal results from UK Biobank and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1815-22. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211476 
13. Sampson EL, White N, Lord K, et al. Pain, agitation, and behavioural problems in people with dementia admitted to general hospital wards: a longitudinal cohort study. Pain. 2015;156:675-83. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000095 
14. Rajkumar AP, Ballard C, Fossey J, et al. Epidemiology of pain in people with dementia living in care homes: longitudinal course, prevalence, and treatment implications. J Am Med Direct Assoc. 2017;18:453.e1-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.01.024 
15. Meraya AM, Dwibedi N, Sambamoorthi U. Polypharmacy and Health-Related Quality of Life Among US Adults With Arthritis, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2010–2012. Prevent Chron Dis. 2016;13:E132. doi: 10.5888/pcd13.160092 
16. Whitlock EL, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Glymour MM, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE, Smith AK. Association between persistent pain and memory decline and dementia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. JAMA Intern Medic. 2017;177:1146-53. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1622 
17. Pitcher MH, Von Korff M, Bushnell MC, Porter L. Prevalence and Profile of High-Impact Chronic Pain in the United States. J Pain. 2018;20(2):146-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.006
18. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Newman AB, Studenski SA. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the american geriatrics society/national institute on aging research conference on frailty in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(6):991-1001. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x 
19.  [Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation «Frailty». 2018;8-9 (In Russ.)].
20. Rodríguez-Mañas L, Féart C, Mann G, Viña J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, Gonzalez-Colaço Harmand M, Bergman H, Carcaillon L, Nicholson C, Scuteri A, Sinclair A, Pelaez M, Van der Cammen T, Beland F, Bickenbach J, Delamarche P, Ferrucci L, Fried LP, Gutiérrez-Robledo LM, Rockwood K, Rodríguez Artalejo F, Serviddio G, Vega E. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement: the frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol: Ser A. 2013;68(1):62-7. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gls119 
21. Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012.60(8):1487-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x 
22. American Medical Association white paper on elderly health. Report of the council on scientific affairs. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(12):2459-72. doi: 10.1001/archinte.150.12.2459 
23. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197-223. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4
24. Misra D, Felson DT, Silliman RA, Nevitt M, Lewis CE, Torner J, Neogi T. Knee osteoarthritis and frailty: findings from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and Osteoarthritis Initiative. J Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(3):339-44. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu102
25. [Luchikhina LV, Mendel OI, Mendel V, Golukhov GN. Osteoarthritis and age. Role of aging in the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2017;11(1):4-11 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2017-1-4-11
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А.В. Наумов 1, Н.О. Ховасова 1, В.И. Мороз 1, О.Н. Ткачева 1, О.А. Шавловская 2

1 ОСП «Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр» ФГБОУ ВО «Российский научно-исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия

________________________________________________

A.V. Naumov 1, N.O. Khovasova 1, V.I. Moroz 1, O.N. Tkacheva 1, O.A. Shavlovskaya 2

1 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
2 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia