1. Тареева И.Е. Нефрология. Руководство для врачей. М., 2000; 688 с. [Tareeva IE, editor. Nefrologiya: rukovodstvo dlya vrachei [Nephrology: guidelines for physicians]. Moscow: Meditsina; 2000; 688 p. (In Russ.)].
2. Нефрология: национальное руководство / Под ред. Н.А. Мухина. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009; 720 с. (Серия «Национальные руководства») [Mukhin NА, editor. Nephrology: the national leadership. Moscow: ­GEOTAR-Media, 2009; 720 p. (Series National guidelines) (In Russ.)].
3. Mandal AK. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. Open J Internal Medicine. 2015;5:58-73. doi:10.4236/ojim. 20 15.53010
4. Liu ZZ, Bullen A, Li Y, Singh P. Renal Oxygenation in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease. Frontiers in physiology. 2017;8:385. doi:https://doi. org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00385
5. Babickova J, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM, et al. Regardless of etiology, progressive renal disease causes ultrastructural and functional alterations of peritubular capillaries. Kidney Int. 2017;91:70-85. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038
6. Кошкин В.М. Ангиоспазм и спазмолитическая терапия при заболеваниях артерий конечностей. Хирургия. 1979;9:71-5 [Koshkin VM. Angiospasm and antispasmodic therapy for diseases of the arteries of the extremities. Surgery. 1979;9:71-5 (In Russ.)].
7. Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Bozzetti A, et al. Pentoxifylline, albumin excretion rate and proteinuria in type I and type II diabetic patients with microproteinuria. Results of a short-term randomized study. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1986;23(2):171-7.
8. Solerte SB, Adamo S, Viola C, et al. Pentoxifylline and arterial hypertension in diabetes mellitus: long-term results in randomized groups. Ric Clin Lab. 1985;15(Suppl 1):515-26.
9. Струков М.А., Резников К.М., Василенко И.В., Фирсова Л.И. Фармакокинетика пентоксифиллина и его активного метаболита у больных с черепно-мозговой травмой. Прикладные информационные аспекты медицины. 2015;4(18):15-21 [Strukov MA, Reznikov KM, Vasilenko IV, Firsova LI. Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its active metabolite in patients with traumatic brain injury. Applied informational aspects of medicine. 2015;4(18):15-21. (In Russ.)].
10. Marsella R, Nicklin CF, Munson JW, Roberts SM. Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in dogs after oral and intravenous administration. Am J Veterinary Res. 2000;6(61):631-7. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.631
11. Fischmeister R, Castro LR, Abi-Gerges A, et al. Compartmentation of cyclic nucleotide signaling in the heart: therole of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Circ Res. 2006;99(8): 816-28.
12. Reneerkens OA, Rutten K, Steinbusch HW, et al. Selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors: a promising target for cognition enhancement. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;202(1-3):419-43.
13. Fawcett L, Baxendale R, Stacey P, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct human phosphodiesterase gene family: PDE11A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:3702-7.
14. Ward A, Clissold SP. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987;34(1):50-97.
15. Дроздов С.А. Пентоксифиллин в лечении нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 1997;9:62-7 [Drozdov SA.Pentoxifylline in the treatment of disorders of cerebral circulation: an overview. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. SS Korsakova.1997;(9):62-7 (In Russ.)].
16. Hartmann A, Rommel T, Dettmers C, et al. Hemodilution in cerebral infarcts. Arzneimittelforschung. 1991;41:348-51.
17. Фомин В.В. Распространенный атеросклероз в общетерапевтической практике: на пути к оптимизации тактики ведения. Фарматека. 2010;18-19:27-31 [Fomin VV. Common atherosclerosis in general therapeutic practice: on the way to optimizing tactics. Farmateka. 2010;18-19:27-31 (In Russ.)].
18. Коркушко О.В., Жаринова В.Ю., Бодрецкая Л.А. и др. Влияние пентоксифиллина на показатели гемоваскулярного гомеостаза, центральной гемодинамики, уровень маркеров воспаления и выраженность апоптоза у пациентов пожилого возраста с ИБС. Кровообіг та гемостаз. 2013;3-4:22-7 [Korkushko OV, Zharinova VYu, Bodretskaya LA, et al. The effect of pentoxifylline on the indices of hemovascular homeostasis, central hemodynamics, the level of inflammatory markers and the severity of apoptosis in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Blood circulation and hemostasis. 2013;3-4:22-7 (In Russ.)].
19. Fernandes J, de Oliveira R, Mamoni R. Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease – a randomized placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(1):434-42.
20. Heinze HA, Rosemann C, Weber C. Single prophylactic dose of pentoxifyllinereduces high dependency unit time in cardiac surgery – a prospective randomized and controlled study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32(1):83-9.
21. Широков Е.А. Второе пришествие пентоксифиллина в превентивную кардионеврологию. РМЖ. 2013;5:1-3 [Shirokov EA. Pentoxifylline Second Coming to Preventive Cardioneurology. Russian Medical Journal. 2013;21(30):1556-1558 (In Russ.)].
22. Kavata A, Aykut K, Sisli E, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibit intimal hyperplasia and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in a rabbit carotid artery anastomosis model. Afr J Pharm and Pharmocol. 2013;5:1-3.
23. Prasad K, Lee P. Suppression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by pentoxifylline and its mechanism. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):313-22.
24. Angelides NS, Minas C. Can aortocoronary and peripheral venous bypass graft patency be improved by the administration of pentoxifylline on a long term basis? Cardiologia.1999;44(12):1059-64.
25. Моисеев В.С., Мухин Н.А., Смирнов А.В. и др. Сердечно-сосудистый риск и хроническая болезнь почек: стратегии кардионефропротекции. Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2014;3:4-27 [Moiseev VS, Mukhin NA, Smirnov AV, et al. National guidelines. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: strategy of cardio-renoprotection. Klinicheskaya Farmacologiya i Terapiya = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy. 2014;23(3):4-27 (In Russ.)].
26. Atabek ME, Çağan HH, Eklioğlu BS, Oran B. Absence of increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness in infants of diabetic mothers. J Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2011;3(3):144. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.v3i3.28 
27. Mohammadpour AH, Falsoleiman H, Shamsara J, Allah-Abadi G, et al. Ramezani M. Pentoxifylline decrease serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. Iran Biomed J. 2014;18(1):23-7.
28. Mehanna OM, El Askary A, Al-Shehri S, El-EsawyB. Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on renal functions and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2017;22:1-6. doi:10.1080/13813455.2017.1419267
29. Сираева Т.А., Кальметьева Л.Р., Камилов Ф.Х., Еникеева З.М. Взаимосвязь мочевой экскреции моноцитарного хемоаттрактантного протеина 1 и обмена коллагена у детей с гематурической формой хронического гломерулонефрита. Медицина: вызовы сегодняшнего дня: материалы Междунар. научн. конф. (Челябинск, июнь 2012 г.). Челябинск: Два комсомольца, 2012:79-81 [Siraeva TA, Kalmetyeva LR, Kamilov FKh, Enikeeva ZM. The relationship of urinary excretion of monocytic chemoattractant protein 1 and collagen metabolism in children with the hematuric form of chronic glomerulonephritis. Medicine: today's challenges: materials of the Intern. scientific conf. (Chelyabinsk, June 2012). Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomol members, 2012:79-81 (In Russ.)]. URL https://moluch.ru/conf/med/ archive/52/2493/
30. Чеботарева Н.В., Бобкова И.Н., Козловская Л.В. Молекулярные механизмы интерстициального фиброза при прогрессирующих заболеваниях почек (обзор литературы). Нефрология и диализ. 2006;1(8):26-35 [Tchebotareva NV, Bobkova IN, Kozlovskaja LV. Molecular mechanisms of interstitial fibrosis in the progression of renal diseases (Review). Nephrology and dialysis. 2006;1(8):26-35 (In Russ.)].
31. Wada T, Yokoyama H, Su S, et al. Monitoring urinary levels of Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor reflects disease activity of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 1996;49:761-7.
32. Lin SL, Chen YM, Chiang WC, Wu KD, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in addition to losartan on proteinuria and GFR in CKD: a 12-month randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):464-74. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.012 
33. Шушляпин О.И., Тучинская М.А., Кононенко Л.Г., Сапричева Л.В. Ключевая роль пентоксифиллина и эналаприла в регуляции воспалительных цитокинов при сердечной недостаточности, обусловленной ишемической болезнью сердца, с метаболическим синдромом. Научные ведомости. Серия Медицина. Фармация. 2010;22(93):117-21 [Shushlyapin ОI, Tuchinskaya MA, Kononenko LG, Saprichva LV. Key role of pentoxyfylline and enalapril in adjusting of proinflammatory effects of cytokines in cardiac insufficiency with metabolic syndrome. Scientific statements. Medicine series. Pharmacy. 2010;22(93):117-21 (In Russ.)].
34. Marques LJ, Zheng L, Poulakis N, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-α production from human alveolar macrophages. Am J respiratory and critical care medicine. 1999;159(2):508-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/ ajrccm.159.2.9804085
35. Сычев А.В., Мареев В.Ю. Влияние пентоксифиллина на жизнеспособность миокарда у больных ХСН на основании результатов добутаминовой стресс-эхокардиографии. Журнал Сердечная недостаточность. 2010;11(2):97-102 [Sychev AV, Mareev VYu. The effect of pentoxifylline on myocardial viability in patients with CHF based on the results of dobutamine stress echocardiography. Journal of Heart Failure. 2010;11(2):97-102 (In Russ.)]. doi:10.18087/rhfj.2010. 2.1334
36. Shibasaki T, Nakano H, Ohno I, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on CdCl2-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994;41(3):245-51.
37. Schandene L, Vandenbussche P, Crusiaux A, et al. Different effects of pentoxifylline on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and intyerleukin-6 (IL-6) by monocytes and T-cells. Immunology. 1992;76(1):30-4. PMCID: PMC1421741
38. Zheng H, Crowley JJ, Chan JC, et al. Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial cell cytotoxicity and neutrophil chemiluminescence. Am Rev RespirDis. 1990;142(5):1073-8.
39. Samlaska CP, Winfield EA. Pentoxifylline. Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(4):603-21.
40. Ritter LS, Wilson DS, Williams SK, et al. Pentoxifylline reduces leukocyte retention in the coronary microcirculation early in reperfusion following ischemia. Intern J Microcirculation.1996;16(4):170-9.
41. Lin SL, Chen YM, Chien CT, et al. Pentoxifylline attenuated the renal disease progression in rats with remnant kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Dec;13(12):2916-29. PMID: 12444210
42. Vecchio M, Bonerba B, Palmer SC, et al. Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD003965. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003965.pub2
43. Navarro JF, Mora C, Muros M, Garcia J. Additive Antiproteinuric Effect of Pentoxifylline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes under Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade: A Short-Term, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(7):2119-26.
44. Lin SL, Chiang WC, Chen YM, et al. The renoprotective potential of pentoxifylline in chronic kidney disease. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68(3):99-105. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70228-X
45. Jiang X, Zhou S, Yao J, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in proteinuric chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2016;29(5):653-62. doi:10.1007/s40620-015-0240-y 
46. Badri S, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Abdollahi M. A review of the potential benefits of pentoxifylline in diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuria. J Pharm Sci. 2011;14(1):128-37. PMID:21501559 
47. Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C, de Fuentes MM, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(1):220-9. doi:10.1681/ASN.2014010012
48. Chen YM, Chiang WC, Lin SL, Tsai TJ. Therapeutic efficacy of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and renal progression: an update. J Biomed Sci. 2017;13;24(1):84. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0390-4
49. Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on GFR decline in CKD: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(4):606-16. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.026
50. Tian ML, Shen Y, Sun ZL, Zha Y. Efficacy and safety of combining pentoxifylline with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker in diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2015;47(5):815-22. doi:10.1007/s11255-015-0968-2
51. Shan D, Wu HM, Yuan QY, et al. Pentoxifylline for diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD006800. doi:10.1002/1465 1858. CD006800.pub2
52. Han SJ, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter study. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2015;7:1:64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0060-1

________________________________________________

1. Nephrology: guidelines for physicians]. Moscow: Meditsina; 2000; 688 p. (In Russ.)
2. Mukhin NА, editor. Nephrology: the national leadership. Moscow: ­GEOTAR-Media, 2009; 720 p. (Series National guidelines) (In Russ.)
3. Mandal AK. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. Open J Internal Medicine. 2015;5:58-73. doi:10.4236/ojim. 20 15.53010
4. Liu ZZ, Bullen A, Li Y, Singh P. Renal Oxygenation in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease. Frontiers in physiology. 2017;8:385. doi:https://doi. org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00385
5. Babickova J, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM, et al. Regardless of etiology, progressive renal disease causes ultrastructural and functional alterations of peritubular capillaries. Kidney Int. 2017;91:70-85. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038
6. Koshkin VM. Angiospasm and antispasmodic therapy for diseases of the arteries of the extremities. Surgery. 1979;9:71-5 (In Russ.)
7. Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Bozzetti A, et al. Pentoxifylline, albumin excretion rate and proteinuria in type I and type II diabetic patients with microproteinuria. Results of a short-term randomized study. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1986;23(2):171-7.
8. Solerte SB, Adamo S, Viola C, et al. Pentoxifylline and arterial hypertension in diabetes mellitus: long-term results in randomized groups. Ric Clin Lab. 1985;15(Suppl 1):515-26.
9. Strukov MA, Reznikov KM, Vasilenko IV, Firsova LI. Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its active metabolite in patients with traumatic brain injury. Applied informational aspects of medicine. 2015;4(18):15-21. (In Russ.)
10. Marsella R, Nicklin CF, Munson JW, Roberts SM. Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in dogs after oral and intravenous administration. Am J Veterinary Res. 2000;6(61):631-7. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.631
11. Fischmeister R, Castro LR, Abi-Gerges A, et al. Compartmentation of cyclic nucleotide signaling in the heart: therole of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Circ Res. 2006;99(8): 816-28.
12. Reneerkens OA, Rutten K, Steinbusch HW, et al. Selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors: a promising target for cognition enhancement. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;202(1-3):419-43.
13. Fawcett L, Baxendale R, Stacey P, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct human phosphodiesterase gene family: PDE11A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:3702-7.
14. Ward A, Clissold SP. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987;34(1):50-97.
15. Drozdov SA.Pentoxifylline in the treatment of disorders of cerebral circulation: an overview. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. SS Korsakova.1997;(9):62-7 (In Russ.)
16. Hartmann A, Rommel T, Dettmers C, et al. Hemodilution in cerebral infarcts. Arzneimittelforschung. 1991;41:348-51.
17. Fomin VV. Common atherosclerosis in general therapeutic practice: on the way to optimizing tactics. Farmateka. 2010;18-19:27-31 (In Russ.)
18. Korkushko OV, Zharinova VYu, Bodretskaya LA, et al. The effect of pentoxifylline on the indices of hemovascular homeostasis, central hemodynamics, the level of inflammatory markers and the severity of apoptosis in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Blood circulation and hemostasis. 2013;3-4:22-7 (In Russ.)
19. Fernandes J, de Oliveira R, Mamoni R. Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease – a randomized placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(1):434-42.
20. Heinze HA, Rosemann C, Weber C. Single prophylactic dose of pentoxifyllinereduces high dependency unit time in cardiac surgery – a prospective randomized and controlled study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32(1):83-9.
21. Shirokov EA. Pentoxifylline Second Coming to Preventive Cardioneurology. Russian Medical Journal. 2013;21(30):1556-1558 (In Russ.)
22. Kavata A, Aykut K, Sisli E, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibit intimal hyperplasia and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in a rabbit carotid artery anastomosis model. Afr J Pharm and Pharmocol. 2013;5:1-3.
23. Prasad K, Lee P. Suppression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by pentoxifylline and its mechanism. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):313-22.
24. Angelides NS, Minas C. Can aortocoronary and peripheral venous bypass graft patency be improved by the administration of pentoxifylline on a long term basis? Cardiologia.1999;44(12):1059-64.
25. Moiseev VS, Mukhin NA, Smirnov AV, et al. National guidelines. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: strategy of cardio-renoprotection. Klinicheskaya Farmacologiya i Terapiya = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy. 2014;23(3):4-27 (In Russ.)
26. Atabek ME, Çağan HH, Eklioğlu BS, Oran B. Absence of increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness in infants of diabetic mothers. J Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2011;3(3):144. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.v3i3.28 
27. Mohammadpour AH, Falsoleiman H, Shamsara J, Allah-Abadi G, et al. Ramezani M. Pentoxifylline decrease serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. Iran Biomed J. 2014;18(1):23-7.
28. Mehanna OM, El Askary A, Al-Shehri S, El-EsawyB. Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on renal functions and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2017;22:1-6. doi:10.1080/13813455.2017.1419267
29. Siraeva TA, Kalmetyeva LR, Kamilov FKh, Enikeeva ZM. The relationship of urinary excretion of monocytic chemoattractant protein 1 and collagen metabolism in children with the hematuric form of chronic glomerulonephritis. Medicine: today's challenges: materials of the Intern. scientific conf. (Chelyabinsk, June 2012). Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomol members, 2012:79-81 (In Russ.) URL https://moluch.ru/conf/med/ archive/52/2493/
30. Tchebotareva NV, Bobkova IN, Kozlovskaja LV. Molecular mechanisms of interstitial fibrosis in the progression of renal diseases (Review). Nephrology and dialysis. 2006;1(8):26-35 (In Russ.)
31. Wada T, Yokoyama H, Su S, et al. Monitoring urinary levels of Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor reflects disease activity of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 1996;49:761-7.
32. Lin SL, Chen YM, Chiang WC, Wu KD, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in addition to losartan on proteinuria and GFR in CKD: a 12-month randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):464-74. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.012 
33. Shushlyapin ОI, Tuchinskaya MA, Kononenko LG, Saprichva LV. Key role of pentoxyfylline and enalapril in adjusting of proinflammatory effects of cytokines in cardiac insufficiency with metabolic syndrome. Scientific statements. Medicine series. Pharmacy. 2010;22(93):117-21 (In Russ.)
34. Marques LJ, Zheng L, Poulakis N, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-α production from human alveolar macrophages. Am J respiratory and critical care medicine. 1999;159(2):508-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/ ajrccm.159.2.9804085
35. Sychev AV, Mareev VYu. The effect of pentoxifylline on myocardial viability in patients with CHF based on the results of dobutamine stress echocardiography. Journal of Heart Failure. 2010;11(2):97-102 (In Russ.) doi:10.18087/rhfj.2010. 2.1334
36. Shibasaki T, Nakano H, Ohno I, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on CdCl2-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994;41(3):245-51.
37. Schandene L, Vandenbussche P, Crusiaux A, et al. Different effects of pentoxifylline on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and intyerleukin-6 (IL-6) by monocytes and T-cells. Immunology. 1992;76(1):30-4. PMCID: PMC1421741
38. Zheng H, Crowley JJ, Chan JC, et al. Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial cell cytotoxicity and neutrophil chemiluminescence. Am Rev RespirDis. 1990;142(5):1073-8.
39. Samlaska CP, Winfield EA. Pentoxifylline. Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(4):603-21.
40. Ritter LS, Wilson DS, Williams SK, et al. Pentoxifylline reduces leukocyte retention in the coronary microcirculation early in reperfusion following ischemia. Intern J Microcirculation.1996;16(4):170-9.
41. Lin SL, Chen YM, Chien CT, et al. Pentoxifylline attenuated the renal disease progression in rats with remnant kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Dec;13(12):2916-29. PMID: 12444210
42. Vecchio M, Bonerba B, Palmer SC, et al. Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD003965. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003965.pub2
43. Navarro JF, Mora C, Muros M, Garcia J. Additive Antiproteinuric Effect of Pentoxifylline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes under Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade: A Short-Term, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(7):2119-26.
44. Lin SL, Chiang WC, Chen YM, et al. The renoprotective potential of pentoxifylline in chronic kidney disease. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68(3):99-105. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70228-X
45. Jiang X, Zhou S, Yao J, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in proteinuric chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2016;29(5):653-62. doi:10.1007/s40620-015-0240-y 
46. Badri S, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Abdollahi M. A review of the potential benefits of pentoxifylline in diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuria. J Pharm Sci. 2011;14(1):128-37. PMID:21501559 
47. Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C, de Fuentes MM, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(1):220-9. doi:10.1681/ASN.2014010012
48. Chen YM, Chiang WC, Lin SL, Tsai TJ. Therapeutic efficacy of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and renal progression: an update. J Biomed Sci. 2017;13;24(1):84. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0390-4
49. Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on GFR decline in CKD: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(4):606-16. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.026
50. Tian ML, Shen Y, Sun ZL, Zha Y. Efficacy and safety of combining pentoxifylline with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker in diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2015;47(5):815-22. doi:10.1007/s11255-015-0968-2
51. Shan D, Wu HM, Yuan QY, et al. Pentoxifylline for diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD006800. doi:10.1002/1465 1858. CD006800.pub2
52. Han SJ, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter study. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2015;7:1:64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0060-1

И.Т. Муркамилов1,2, К.А. Айтбаев3, В.В. Фомин4, Ж.А. Муркамилова5, А.А. Байжигитова6

1 Кыргызская государственная медицинская академия им. И.К. Ахунбаева, Бишкек, Кыргызстан;
2 Кыргызско-Российский Славянский университет им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина, Бишкек, Кыргызстан;
3 Научно-исследовательский институт молекулярной биологии и медицины, Бишкек, Кыргызстан;
4 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия;
5 Центр семейной медицины №7, Бишкек, Кыргызстан;
6 Национальный госпиталь при Министерстве здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики, Бишкек, Кыргызстан

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I.T. Murkamilov1,2, K.A. Aitbaev3, V.V. Fomin4, Zh.A. Murkamilova5, A.A. Bayzhigitova6

1 Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaev, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
2 Kyrgyz Russian Slavic University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
3 Scientific Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
4 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia;
5 Family Medicine Center №7, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
6 National Hospital under the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan