1. Sato H, Kodama K, Haze M, et al. Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction due to multivessel coronary spasm. In: K Kodama, K, Haze M Hori, eds. Clinical Aspect of Myocardial Injury: From Ischemia to Heart Failure. Tokyo: Kagakuhyoronsha Publishing Co; 1990:56-64 (Article in Japanese).
2. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee. Circulation. 2006;113:1807-16.
3. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:929-38.
4. Sharkey SW, Windenburg DC, Lesser JR, et al. Natural history and expansive clinical profile of stress (tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:333-41.
5. Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, et al. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1523-9.
6. Ghadri JR, Sarcon A, Diekmann A, et al. Happy heart syndrome: role of positive emotional stress in takotsubo syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 2;37(37): 2823-9. 
7. Biteker M, Duran NE, Civan HA, et al. Broken heart syndrome in a 17-year-old girl. Eur J Pediatr. 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
8. Jelena-Rima Ghadri1, Ilan Shor Wittstein, Abhiram Prasad et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018;39: 2032-46. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076
9. Jelena-Rima Ghadri1, Ilan Shor Wittstein, Abhiram Prasad, et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part II): Diagnostic Workup, Outcome, and Management. Eur Heart J. 2018;39,2047-62. doi:10.1093/ eurheartj/ehy077
10. Murakami T, Yoshikawa T. Gender differences in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy: multi-center registry from Tokyo CCU network. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(suppl 1). doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht309.P2981; реестр Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS, США).
11. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Napp L, et al. Differences in the Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Typical and Atypical Takotsubo Syndrome: Data From the International Takotsubo Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;April 13.
12. Abraham J, Mudd JO, Kapur NK, et al. Stress cardiomyopathy after intravenous administration of catecholamines and betareceptor agonists. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1320-5.
13. Giavarini A, Chedid A, Bobrie G, et al. Acute catecholamine cardiomyopathy in patients with phaeochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma. Heart. 2013;99: 1438-44.
14. Finsterer J, Wahbi K. CNS disease triggering Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:322-9.
15. Suzuki H, Matsumoto Y, Kaneta T, et al. Evidence for brain activation in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2013;78:256-58.
16. Takahashi S, Shimokawa H. Evidence for brain activation in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2014;78:256-8.
17. Lyon AR, Bossone E, Schneider B, et al. Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016 Jan;18(1):8-27. 
18. Paur H, Wright PT, Sikkel MB, et al. High levels of circulating epinephrine trigger apical cardiodepression in a b2-adrenergic receptor/Gidependent manner: a new model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2012;126:697-706. 
19. Kawano H, Okada R, Yano K. Histological study on the distribution of autonomic nerves in the human heart. Heart Vessels. 2003;18:32-9.
20. Wittstein IS. The Sympathetic Nervous System in the Pathogenesis of takotsubo Syndrome. Heart Fail Clin. 2016;12(4):485-98. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2016.06.012
21. Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, et al. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy–a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clini Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5:22-9.
22. Braunwald E, Kloner RA The stunned myocardium. Prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circ J. 1982;66:685-706.
23. Vitale C, Rosano GM, Kaski JC. Role of coronary microvascular dysfunction in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016;80:299-305.
24. Ogura R, Hiasa Y, Takahashi T, et al. Specific findings of the standard 12-lead ECG in patients with ‘Takotsubo’ cardiomyopathy: comparison with the findings of acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2003;67:687-69.
25. Namgung J. Electrocardiographic findings in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: ECG evolution and its difference from the ECG of acute coronary syndrome. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2014;8:29-34. 
26. Nguyen TH, Neil CJ, Sverdlov AL, Mahadavan G, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic protein levels in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1316-21. 
27. Morita E, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, et al. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88:82-91. 
28. Akashi YJ, Musha H, Nakazawa K, Miyake F. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. QJM. 2004;97:599-607.
29. Schneider B, Athanasiadis A, Stollberger C, et al. Gender differences in the manifestation of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2013;166:584-8.
30. Roshanzamir S, Showkathali R. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy a short review. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9:191-6.
31. Aizawa K, Suzuki T. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Japanese perspective. Heart Fail Clin. 2013;9:243-7.
32. Berton E, Vitali-Serdoz L, Vallon P, et al. A. Young girl with apical ballooning heart syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2012;161:e4-e6. 
33. Otillio JK, Harris JK, Tuuri R. A 6-year-old girl with undiagnosed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30:561-5.
34. Abe Y, Kondo M, Matsuoka R, et al. Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:737-42.
35. Kawai S, Kitabatake A, Tomoike H. Guidelines for diagnosis of takotsubo (ampulla) cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2007;71:990-2. 
36. Schultz T, Shao Y, Redfors B, et al. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy in Sweden: evidence for different ethnic predisposition and altered cardio-circulatory status. Cardiology. 2012;122:180-6. 
37. Wittstein IS. Stress cardiomyopathy: a syndrome of catecholamine-mediated myocardial stunning? Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2012;32:847-57. 
38. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Napp LC, et al. Differences in the Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Typical and Atypical Takotsubo Syndrome: Data From the International Takotsubo Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:335-40.
39. Parodi G, Citro R, Bellandi B, et al. Tako-Tsubo Italian Network. Revised clinical diagnostic criteria for tako-tsubo syndrome: the Tako-tsubo Italian Network proposal. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:282-3. 
40. Madias JE. Why the current diagnostic criteria of takotsubo syndrome are outmoded: a proposal for new criteria. Int J Cardiol. 2014;174:468-70.
41. Winchester DE, Ragosta M, Taylor AM. Concurrence of angiographic coronary artery disease in patients with apical ballooning syndrome (tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:612-6.
42. Kurisu S, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, et al. Prevalence of incidental coronary artery disease in tako- tsubo cardiomyopathy. Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20:214-8. 
43. Napp LC, Ghadri JR, Bauersachs J, et al. Acute coronary syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: the suspect may not always be the culprit. Int J Cardiol. 2015;187: 116-9. 
44. Haghi D, Papavassiliu T, Hamm K, et al. Coronary artery disease in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2007;71:1092-4. 
45. Y-Hassan S. Takotsubo syndrome triggered by acute coronary syndrome in a cohort of 20 patients: an often missed diagnosis. Int J Cardiol Res. 2015;02:28-33. 
46. Prasad A, Lerman A, Rihal CS. Apical ballooning syndrome (tako-tsubo or stress cardiomyopathy): a mimic of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2008;155:408-17.
47. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Napp LC, et al. International Takotsubo Registry. Differences in the clinical profile and outcomes of typical and atypical takotsubo syndrome: data from the International Takotsubo Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1: 335-40. 
48. Kato K, Kitahara H, Fujimoto Y, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of focal takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016;80:1824-9.
49. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315. 
50. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2569-619. 
51. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228. 
52. American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of STelevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:e362-e425.
53. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Jurisic S,et al. InterTAK co-investigators. A novel clinical score (InterTAK Diagnostic Score) to differentiate Takotsubo syndrome from acute coronary syndrome: results from the International Takotsubo Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:1036-42.
54. Isogai T, Matsui H, Tanaka H, et al. Early b-blocker use and in-hospital mortality in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2016;102:1029-35. 
55. Dias A, Franco E, Koshkelashvili N, et al. Antiplatelet therapy in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: does it improve cardiovascular outcomes during index event? Heart Vessels. 2016;31:1285-90.
56. Santoro F, Ieva R, Musaico F, et al. Lack of efficacy of drug therapy in preventing takotsubo cardiomyopathy recurrence: a meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2014;37:434-9. 
57. Delmas C, Lairez O, Mulin E, et al. Anxiodepressive disorders and chronic psychological stress are associated with Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy—new physiopathological hypothesis. Circ J. 2013;77:175-80.
58. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):929-38. 
59. de Gregorio C, Grimaldi P, Lentini C. Left ventricular thrombus formation and cardioembolic complications in patients with Takotsubo-like syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2008;131(1):18-24. 
60. Haghi D, Rohm S, Suselbeck T, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of mitral regurgitation in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99(2):93-8. 
61. Stiermaier T, Eitel C, Denef S, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Life Threatening Arrhythmias in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(19):2148-50.
62. Kumar S, Kaushik S, Nautiyal A, et al. Cardiac rupture in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34(11):672-6.
63. Akashi YJ, Tejima T, Sakurada H, et al. Left ventricular rupture associated with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79(6):821-4. 
64. Shinozaki K, Tamura A, Abe Y, et al. Left ventricular free wall rupture in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115(1):e3-4. 
65. Ohara Y, Hiasa Y, Hosokawa S, et al. Left ventricular free wall rupture in transient left ventricular apical ballooning. Circ J. 2005;69(5):621-3. 
66. Jaguszewski M, Fijalkowski M, Nowak R, et al. Ventricular rupture in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(8):1027. 
67. Sacha J, Maselko J, Wester A, et al. Left ventricular apical rupture caused by takotsubo cardiomyopathy – comprehensive pathological heart investigation. Circ J. 2007;71(6):982-5. 
68. Sakai K, Ochiai H, Katayama N, et al. Ventricular septal perforation in a patient with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2005;69(3):365-7. 
69. Salazar-Mendiguchia J, Ariza A, Sanchez JC, et al. An unusual complication of a Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a not so benign disease? Int J Cardiol. 2011;150(3):348-9.
70. Izumi K, Tada S, Yamada T. A case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy complicated by ventricular septal perforation. Circ J. 2008;72(9):1540-3. 
71. Mitchell A, Marquis F. Can takotsubo cardiomyopathy be diagnosed by autopsy? Report of a presumed case presenting as cardiac rupture. Clinical Pathology. 2017; 17:4.
72. Iskandera M, Abugrounb A, et al, Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy-Induced Cardiac Free Wall Rupture: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cardiol Res. 2018;9(4):244-9.
73. Masaki T, Toshiaki I, Yuta O. Ventricular Septal Perforation: A Rare but Life-Threatening Complication Associated with Takotsubo Syndrome. Intern Med. 2018;57:1605-9. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0014-17
74. Zalewska-Adamiec M, Bachórzewska-Gajewska Hanna, Kożuch M, et al. Cardiac rupture in takotsubo cardiomyopathy treated surgically. Adv Interv Cardiol. 2016;12,3 (45):278-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/aic.2016.61655
75. Kurisu S, Inoue I. Cardiac rupture in tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy with persistent ST-segment elevation. Int J Cardiol. 2012;158(1):e5-6.
76. Indorato F, Akashi YJ, Rossitto C, et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with rupture of the left ventricular apex: assessment of histopathological features of a fatal case and literature review. Forensic Sci Med. 2015;11:577-83.
77. Rolf A, Nef HM, Möllmann H, et al. Immunohistological basis of the late gadolinium enhancement phenomenon in tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1635-42. 
78. Naruse Y, Sato A, Kasahara K, et al. The clinical impact of late gadolinium enhancement in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: serial analysis of cardiovascular magnetic resonance images. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13:67.
79. Kim DH, Choi SI, Chang HJ, et al. Delayed hyperenhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: Clinical application for various cardiac diseases. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:226-32.
80. Sabry Omar MD,| Garrison L, Morgan MD, et al . Management of post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defects: A critical assessment. J Interv Cardiol. 2018;31:939-48.
81. Crenshaw BS, Granger CB, Birnbaum Y, et al. Risk factors, angiographic patterns, and outcomes in patients with ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Trial Investigators. Circulation. 2000;101:27-32.
82. French JK, Hellkamp AS, Armstrong PW, et al. Mechanical complications after percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from APEX-AMI). Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:59-63.
83. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarctionexecutive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Committee to revise the1999guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:671-719.
84. Topaz O, Taylor AL. Interventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction: from pathophysiologic features to the role of invasive and noninvasive diagnostic modalities in current management. Am J Med. 1992;93:683-8.
85. Papalexopoulou N, Young CP, Attia RQ. What is the best timing of surgery in patients with post-infarct ventricular septal rupture? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;16:193-6. 
86. Deja MA, Szostek J, Widenka K, et al.Postinfarctionventricularseptal defect—can we do better? Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg. 2000;18:194-201.
87. Risseeuw F, Diebels I, Vandendriessche T, et al. Percutaneous occlusion of post-myocardial infarction ventricular septum rupture. Netherlands Heart J. 2014:47-51. doi: 10.1007/s12471-013-0498-4.
88. Schlotter F, de Waha S, Eitel I, et al. Interventional post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect closure: a systematic review of current evidence. Euro Intervention J Eur Collab Work Group Interv Cardiol Eur Soc Cardiol. 2016;12:94-102.
89. Lock JE, Block PC, McKay RG, et al. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects. Circulation. 1988;78:361-8.
90. Hamilton MCK, Rodrigues JCL, Martin RP, et al.The In vivo morphology of post-infarct ventricular septal defect and the implications for closure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1233-43.
91. Rihal CS, Maleszewski JJ. New insights into an old problem. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:1244-6.
92. Fukushima S, Tesar PJ, Jalali H, et al. Determinants of in-hospital and long-term surgical outcomes after repair of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140:59-65.
93. Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Monro JL, Livesey SA, et al. Postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: the Wessex experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;10:111-6.
94. Di Summa M, Actis Dato GM, Centofanti P, et al. Ventricular septal rupture after a myocardial infarction: clinical features and long term survival. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1997;38:589-93. 
95. Cerin G, Di Donato M, Dimulescu D, et al. Surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. Experience of a north Italian referral hospital. Cardiovasc Surg Lond Engl. 2003;11:149-54. 
96. Noguchi K, Yamaguchi A, Naito K, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes of postinfarction ventricular septal perforation. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;60:261-7. 

________________________________________________

1. Sato H, Kodama K, Haze M, et al. Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction due to multivessel coronary spasm. In: K Kodama, K, Haze M Hori, eds. Clinical Aspect of Myocardial Injury: From Ischemia to Heart Failure. Tokyo: Kagakuhyoronsha Publishing Co; 1990:56-64 (Article in Japanese).
2. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee. Circulation. 2006;113:1807-16.
3. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:929-38.
4. Sharkey SW, Windenburg DC, Lesser JR, et al. Natural history and expansive clinical profile of stress (tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:333-41.
5. Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, et al. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1523-9.
6. Ghadri JR, Sarcon A, Diekmann A, et al. Happy heart syndrome: role of positive emotional stress in takotsubo syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 2;37(37): 2823-9. 
7. Biteker M, Duran NE, Civan HA, et al. Broken heart syndrome in a 17-year-old girl. Eur J Pediatr. 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
8. Jelena-Rima Ghadri1, Ilan Shor Wittstein, Abhiram Prasad et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018;39: 2032-46. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076
9. Jelena-Rima Ghadri1, Ilan Shor Wittstein, Abhiram Prasad, et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part II): Diagnostic Workup, Outcome, and Management. Eur Heart J. 2018;39,2047-62. doi:10.1093/ eurheartj/ehy077
10. Murakami T, Yoshikawa T. Gender differences in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy: multi-center registry from Tokyo CCU network. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(suppl 1). doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht309.P2981; реестр Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS, США).
11. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Napp L, et al. Differences in the Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Typical and Atypical Takotsubo Syndrome: Data From the International Takotsubo Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;April 13.
12. Abraham J, Mudd JO, Kapur NK, et al. Stress cardiomyopathy after intravenous administration of catecholamines and betareceptor agonists. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1320-5.
13. Giavarini A, Chedid A, Bobrie G, et al. Acute catecholamine cardiomyopathy in patients with phaeochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma. Heart. 2013;99: 1438-44.
14. Finsterer J, Wahbi K. CNS disease triggering Takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:322-9.
15. Suzuki H, Matsumoto Y, Kaneta T, et al. Evidence for brain activation in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2013;78:256-58.
16. Takahashi S, Shimokawa H. Evidence for brain activation in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2014;78:256-8.
17. Lyon AR, Bossone E, Schneider B, et al. Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016 Jan;18(1):8-27. 
18. Paur H, Wright PT, Sikkel MB, et al. High levels of circulating epinephrine trigger apical cardiodepression in a b2-adrenergic receptor/Gidependent manner: a new model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2012;126:697-706. 
19. Kawano H, Okada R, Yano K. Histological study on the distribution of autonomic nerves in the human heart. Heart Vessels. 2003;18:32-9.
20. Wittstein IS. The Sympathetic Nervous System in the Pathogenesis of takotsubo Syndrome. Heart Fail Clin. 2016;12(4):485-98. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2016.06.012
21. Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, et al. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy–a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clini Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5:22-9.
22. Braunwald E, Kloner RA The stunned myocardium. Prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circ J. 1982;66:685-706.
23. Vitale C, Rosano GM, Kaski JC. Role of coronary microvascular dysfunction in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016;80:299-305.
24. Ogura R, Hiasa Y, Takahashi T, et al. Specific findings of the standard 12-lead ECG in patients with ‘Takotsubo’ cardiomyopathy: comparison with the findings of acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2003;67:687-69.
25. Namgung J. Electrocardiographic findings in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: ECG evolution and its difference from the ECG of acute coronary syndrome. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2014;8:29-34. 
26. Nguyen TH, Neil CJ, Sverdlov AL, Mahadavan G, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic protein levels in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1316-21. 
27. Morita E, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, et al. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88:82-91. 
28. Akashi YJ, Musha H, Nakazawa K, Miyake F. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. QJM. 2004;97:599-607.
29. Schneider B, Athanasiadis A, Stollberger C, et al. Gender differences in the manifestation of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2013;166:584-8.
30. Roshanzamir S, Showkathali R. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy a short review. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9:191-6.
31. Aizawa K, Suzuki T. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Japanese perspective. Heart Fail Clin. 2013;9:243-7.
32. Berton E, Vitali-Serdoz L, Vallon P, et al. A. Young girl with apical ballooning heart syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2012;161:e4-e6. 
33. Otillio JK, Harris JK, Tuuri R. A 6-year-old girl with undiagnosed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30:561-5.
34. Abe Y, Kondo M, Matsuoka R, et al. Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:737-42.
35. Kawai S, Kitabatake A, Tomoike H. Guidelines for diagnosis of takotsubo (ampulla) cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2007;71:990-2. 
36. Schultz T, Shao Y, Redfors B, et al. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy in Sweden: evidence for different ethnic predisposition and altered cardio-circulatory status. Cardiology. 2012;122:180-6. 
37. Wittstein IS. Stress cardiomyopathy: a syndrome of catecholamine-mediated myocardial stunning? Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2012;32:847-57. 
38. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Napp LC, et al. Differences in the Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Typical and Atypical Takotsubo Syndrome: Data From the International Takotsubo Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:335-40.
39. Parodi G, Citro R, Bellandi B, et al. Tako-Tsubo Italian Network. Revised clinical diagnostic criteria for tako-tsubo syndrome: the Tako-tsubo Italian Network proposal. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:282-3. 
40. Madias JE. Why the current diagnostic criteria of takotsubo syndrome are outmoded: a proposal for new criteria. Int J Cardiol. 2014;174:468-70.
41. Winchester DE, Ragosta M, Taylor AM. Concurrence of angiographic coronary artery disease in patients with apical ballooning syndrome (tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:612-6.
42. Kurisu S, Inoue I, Kawagoe T, et al. Prevalence of incidental coronary artery disease in tako- tsubo cardiomyopathy. Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20:214-8. 
43. Napp LC, Ghadri JR, Bauersachs J, et al. Acute coronary syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: the suspect may not always be the culprit. Int J Cardiol. 2015;187: 116-9. 
44. Haghi D, Papavassiliu T, Hamm K, et al. Coronary artery disease in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2007;71:1092-4. 
45. Y-Hassan S. Takotsubo syndrome triggered by acute coronary syndrome in a cohort of 20 patients: an often missed diagnosis. Int J Cardiol Res. 2015;02:28-33. 
46. Prasad A, Lerman A, Rihal CS. Apical ballooning syndrome (tako-tsubo or stress cardiomyopathy): a mimic of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2008;155:408-17.
47. Ghadri JR, Cammann VL, Napp LC, et al. International Takotsubo Registry. Differences in the clinical profile and outcomes of typical and atypical takotsubo syndrome: data from the International Takotsubo Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1: 335-40. 
48. Kato K, Kitahara H, Fujimoto Y, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of focal takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016;80:1824-9.
49. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315. 
50. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2569-619. 
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Н.С. Жукова, И.Н. Меркулова, Р.М. Шахнович, Е.В. Меркулов, А.Г. Осиев, Д.В. Певзнер, Т.С. Сухинина, И.И. Староверов

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия 

________________________________________________

N.S. Zhukova, I.N. Merkulova, R.M. Shakhnovich, E.V. Merkulov, A.G. Osiev, D.V. Pevzner, T.S. Sukhinina, I.I. Staroverov

National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia