Применение иммуномодулирующего препарата аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия для предотвращения прогрессирования пневмонии при COVID-19
Применение иммуномодулирующего препарата аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия для предотвращения прогрессирования пневмонии при COVID-19
Свистунов А.А., Махнач Г.К., Бунина Д.В. и др. Применение иммуномодулирующего препарата аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия для предотвращения прогрессирования пневмонии при COVID-19. Терапевтический архив. 2020; 92 (11): 65–70. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000820
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000820
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DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000820
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Аннотация
Цель – определить эффективность аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия (препарат Галавит) для предотвращения прогрессирования легочных осложнений коронавирусной инфекции: ускорения регрессии легочных инфильтратов и разрешения COVID-пневмонии. В исследование включены 22 больных COVID-пневмонией средней и тяжелой степени тяжести. В наблюдение включены 8 мужчин и 14 женщин, средний возраст составил 62,1±7,4 года. Больных, имеющих более одного фактора неблагоприятного прогноза, – 82%. Средний объем поражения легочной ткани (компьютерная томография – КТ-2, 25–50% объема легких) зарегистрирован у 13 (59,1%) больных, значительный объем (КТ-3, 50–75% объема легких) – у 9 (40,9%). У всех больных имелись проявления прогрессирующей дыхательной недостаточности за счет гипоксемии и сопутствующих заболеваний. Аминодигидрофталазиндион натрия применяли на 7–14-е сутки от начала заболевания, по окончании курса стандартной комплексной терапии, в случае сохранения признаков интоксикации, отрицательной динамики по данным КТ. Применение аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия положительно влияло на динамику клинических показателей. Прогрессирование дыхательной недостаточности остановлено, отмечалось увеличение значений SpO2. По данным контрольной КТ отмечены стабилизация степени поражения легочной паренхимы, а также уменьшение размеров уплотненных участков в легочной ткани и формирование картины организующейся пневмонии, что способствовало снижению степени дыхательной недостаточности. Использование
аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия в комплексной терапии COVID-пневмонии оказывает модулирующее действие на иммунную систему организма, предотвращает прогрессирование поражения легочной ткани, способствует регрессии инфильтративных очагов, предупреждая развитие избыточного пневмофиброза и препятствуя прогрессированию дыхательной недостаточности.
Ключевые слова: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-пневмония, дыхательная недостаточность, пневмофиброз, аминодигидрофталазиндион натрия, Галавит.
22 patients with medium and severe COVID-induced pneumonia were included in the study. The study included 8 men and 14 women, the average age was 62.1±7.4 years. Patients with more than one adverse prognostic factor made 82%. Average volume of pulmonary tissue affection (computer tomography – CT-2, 25–50% of lung volume) was registered in 13 (59.1%) patients, significant volume (CT-3, 50–75% of lung volume), in 9 (40.9%) patients. All patients had progressive respiratory failure manifestations due to hypoxemia and related diseases. Aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium was administered for 7–14 days from the beginning of disease, at the end of the course of standard complex therapy, in case of preservation of signs of intoxication, negative dynamics according to computer tomography data. Administration of aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium had a positive effect on the dynamics of clinical scores. The progression of respiratory failure was halted and there was an increase in SpO2 values. According to the control computer tomography data the stabilization of the pulmonary parenchyma affection degree was noted, as well as reduction of the size of the compacted areas in the pulmonary tissue and formation of the picture of organising pneumonia that contributed to reduction of respiratory failure grade. The use of aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium in complex therapy of COVID-induced pneumonia has a modulating effect on the immune system, prevents the progression of pulmonary tissue affection, promotes regression of infiltration foci, preventing the development of excessive pneumofibrosis and the progression of respiratory failure.
Key words: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-induced pneumonia, respiratory failure, pneumofibrosis, aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium, Galavit.
аминодигидрофталазиндиона натрия в комплексной терапии COVID-пневмонии оказывает модулирующее действие на иммунную систему организма, предотвращает прогрессирование поражения легочной ткани, способствует регрессии инфильтративных очагов, предупреждая развитие избыточного пневмофиброза и препятствуя прогрессированию дыхательной недостаточности.
Ключевые слова: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-пневмония, дыхательная недостаточность, пневмофиброз, аминодигидрофталазиндион натрия, Галавит.
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22 patients with medium and severe COVID-induced pneumonia were included in the study. The study included 8 men and 14 women, the average age was 62.1±7.4 years. Patients with more than one adverse prognostic factor made 82%. Average volume of pulmonary tissue affection (computer tomography – CT-2, 25–50% of lung volume) was registered in 13 (59.1%) patients, significant volume (CT-3, 50–75% of lung volume), in 9 (40.9%) patients. All patients had progressive respiratory failure manifestations due to hypoxemia and related diseases. Aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium was administered for 7–14 days from the beginning of disease, at the end of the course of standard complex therapy, in case of preservation of signs of intoxication, negative dynamics according to computer tomography data. Administration of aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium had a positive effect on the dynamics of clinical scores. The progression of respiratory failure was halted and there was an increase in SpO2 values. According to the control computer tomography data the stabilization of the pulmonary parenchyma affection degree was noted, as well as reduction of the size of the compacted areas in the pulmonary tissue and formation of the picture of organising pneumonia that contributed to reduction of respiratory failure grade. The use of aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium in complex therapy of COVID-induced pneumonia has a modulating effect on the immune system, prevents the progression of pulmonary tissue affection, promotes regression of infiltration foci, preventing the development of excessive pneumofibrosis and the progression of respiratory failure.
Key words: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-induced pneumonia, respiratory failure, pneumofibrosis, aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodium, Galavit.
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14. Pleshcheva AV, Pigarova EA, Dzeranova LK. Vitamin D and metabolism: facts, myths and prejudices. Obesity and metabolism. 2012;9(2):33-42 (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/omet2012233-42
15. Pigarova EA, Mazurina NV, Troshina EA. Vitamin D in the prevention of bone and metabolic disorders. Consilium Medicum. 2019;21(4):84-90 (In Russ.) doi: 10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190342
16. Pigarova EA, Povalyaeva AA, Dzeranova LK, Rozhinskaya LYa. The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of rickets in children. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019;3:40-5 (In Russ.) doi: 10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190342
17. Beard JA, Bearden A, Striker R. Vitamin D and the anti-viral state.
J Clin Virol. 2011;50:194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.12.006
18. Gruber-Bzura BM. Vitamin D and Influenza – Prevention or Therapy? Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2419. doi: 10.3390/ijms19082419
19. Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7:4240-70. doi: 10.3390/nu7064240
20. Odroważ-Sypniewska G, Karczmarewicz E, Paprotny Ł, Płudowski P. 3-epi-25(OH)D – A new metabolite, potential biological function, interference in laboratory assays. Stand Med Pediatr. 2012;9:680-6.
21. Pigarova EA, Petrushkina AA. Nonclassical effects of vitamin D. Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2017;20(3):90-101 (In Russ.)
22. Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, et al. Vitamin D: Beyond bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1287:45-58. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12129
23. Moukayed M, Grant WB. Molecular link between vitamin D and cancer prevention. Nutrients. 2013;5:3993-4021. doi: 10.3390/nu5103993
24. Petrushkina AA, Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LYa. Epidemiology of Vitamin D Deficiency in the Russian Federation. Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2018;21(3):15-20 (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/osteo10038
25. Pigarova EA. The main provisions of the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists "Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention". Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2015;18(2):29-32 (In Russ.)
26. Cashman KD, Sheehy T, O'Neill CM. Is vitamin D deficiency a public health concern for low middle income countries? A systematic literature review. Eur J Nutr. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1607-3
27. Papadimitriou DT. The Big Vitamin D Mistake. J Prev Med Public Health. 2017 Jul;50(4):278-81. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.16.111
28. Pigarova EA, Povalyaeva AA, Dzeranova LK, Rozhinskaya LYa. The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is a new look at a known problem. Rus honey. magazine. Medical Review. 2019;3(10-2):102-6 (In Russ.)
29. Kara M, Ekiz T, Ricci V, et al. 'Scientific Strabismus' or Two Related Pandemics: COVID-19 & Vitamin D Deficiency. Br J Nutr. 2020;1-20. doi: 10.1017/S0007114520001749
30. Jolliffe DA, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR. Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: systematic review of clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:321-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.017
31. Schwalfenberg GK. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:96-108. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000174
32. Laaksi I. Vitamin D and respiratory infection in adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71:90-7. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111003351
33. Rossi GA, Fanous H, Colin AA. Viral strategies predisposing to respiratory bacterial superinfections. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24699
34. Agier J, Efenberger M, Brzezinska-Blaszczyk E. Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40:225-35. doi: 10.5114/ceji.2015.51359
35. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988
36. Herr C, Shaykhiev R, Bals R. The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2007;7:1449-61. doi: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1449
37. Szymczak I, Pawliczak R. The active metabolite of vitamin D3 as a potential immunomodulator. Scand J Immunol. 2015;83:83-91. doi: 10.1111/sji.12403
38. Bikle DD. Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1376:29-51. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13219
39. Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7:4240-70. doi: 10.3390/nu7064240
40. Handel AE, Sandve GK, Disanto G, et al. Vitamin D receptor ChIP-seq in primary CD4+ cells: relationship to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and autoimmune disease. BMC Med. 2013;11:163. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-163
41. Kongsbak M, von Essen MR, Levring TB, et al. Vitamin D-binding protein controls T cell responses to vitamin D. BMC Immunol. 2014;15:35. doi: 10.1186/s12865-014-0035-2
42. Ooi JH, McDaniel KL, Weaver V, Cantorna MT. Murine CD8+ T cells but not macrophages express the vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25:58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.003
43. Lee MD, Lin CH, Lei WT, et al. Does Vitamin D Deficiency Affect the Immunogenic Responses to Influenza Vaccination? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):409. doi: 10.3390/nu10040409
44. Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virol J. 2019;16:69. doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
45. Ramos-Martínez E, López-Vancell MR, Fernández de Córdova-Aguirre JC, et al. Reduction of respiratory infections in asthma patients supplemented with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL-10 and IFNγ levels and cathelicidin expression. Cytokine. 2018;108:239-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.001
46. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
47. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
48. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-52839688
49. Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(20):10970-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005615117
50. Parlak E, Ertürk A, Çağ Y, et al. The effect of inflammatory cytokines and the level of vitamin D on prognosis in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:18302-10.
51. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-2. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
52. Shi Y, Liu T, Yao LI, et al. Chronic vitamin D deficiency induces lung fibrosis through activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3312. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03474-6
53. Hanff TC, Harhay MO, Brown TS, et al. Is there an association between COVID-19 mortality and the renin-angiotensin system – a call for epidemiologic investigations. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa329
54. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585
55. Mohammad S, Mishra A, Ashraf MZ. Emerging role of vitamin D and its associated molecules in pathways related to pathogenesis of thrombosis. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):649. doi: 10.3390/biom9110649
56. Laird E, Rhodes J, Kenny RA. Vitamin D and Inflamation; potential implications for severity of Covid-19. Ir Med J. 2020;113(5):P81.
57. Marik PE, Kory P, Varon J. Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection? Med Drug Discov. 2020;100041. doi: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041
58. D'Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):E1359. doi: 10.3390/nu12051359
59. Alipio M. Vitamin D Supplementation Could Possibly Improve Clinical Outcomes of Patients Infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) (April 9, 2020). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3571484 or http://dx.doi.org/
10.2139/ssrn.3571484
60. Raharusun P, Sadiah P, Budiarti C, et al. Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality and Vitamin D: An Indonesian Study (April 26, 2020). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3585561 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3585561
61. Jakovac H. COVID-19 and vitamin D-Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(5):E589. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00138.2020
62. Lesnyak OM, Nikitinskaya OA, Toroptsova NV, et al. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of vitamin d and calcium deficiencies in the adult population of russia and in patients with osteoporosis (according to the materials of prepared clinical recommendations). Scientific and practical rheumatology. 2015;53(4):403-8 (In Russ.)
doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2015-403-408
63. Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LYa, Belaya ZhE, et al. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problems of endocrinology. 2016;62(4):60-84 (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/probl201662460-84
64. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, et al. Human serum 25-hydroxychole-calciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(1):204-10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.204
2. Dedicoat M. Where next with for vitamin D and tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020 Mar 1;24(3):265. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0045
3. Wang Y, Shi C, Yang Z, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and clinical outcomes related to septic shock in children with critical illness: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019 Aug;73(8):1095-1101. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0249-0
4. Sundaram ME, Coleman LA. Vitamin D and influenza. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(4):517-25. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002162
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6. Koivisto O, Hanel A, Carlberg C. Key Vitamin D Target Genes with Functions in the Immune System. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 19;12(4). pii: E1140. doi: 10.3390/nu12041140
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9. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, et al. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:407-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306742
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14. Плещева А.В., Пигарова Е.А., Дзеранова Л.К. Витамин D и метаболизм: факты, мифы и предубеждения. Ожирение и метаболизм. 2012;9(2):33-42. [Pleshcheva AV, Pigarova EA, Dzeranova LK. Vitamin D and metabolism: facts, myths and prejudices. Obesity and metabolism. 2012;9(2):33-42 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/omet2012233-42
15. Пигарова Е.А., Мазурина Н.В., Трошина Е.А. Витамин D в профилактике костных и метаболических нарушений. Consilium Medicum. 2019;21(4):84-90 [Pigarova EA, Mazurina NV, Troshina EA. Vitamin D in the prevention of bone and metabolic disorders. Consilium Medicum. 2019;21(4):84-90 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190342
16. Пигарова Е.А., Поваляева А.А., Дзеранова Л.К., Рожинская Л.Я. Роль витамина D для профилактики и лечения рахита у детей. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019;3:40-5. [Pigarova EA, Povalyae-
va AA, Dzeranova LK, Rozhinskaya LYa. The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of rickets in children. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019;3:40-5 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190342
17. Beard JA, Bearden A, Striker R. Vitamin D and the anti-viral state.
J Clin Virol. 2011;50:194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.12.006
18. Gruber-Bzura BM. Vitamin D and Influenza – Prevention or Therapy? Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2419. doi: 10.3390/ijms19082419
19. Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7:4240-70. doi: 10.3390/nu7064240
20. Odroważ-Sypniewska G, Karczmarewicz E, Paprotny Ł, Płudowski P. 3-epi-25(OH)D – A new metabolite, potential biological function, interference in laboratory assays. Stand Med Pediatr. 2012;9:680-6.
21. Пигарова Е.А., Петрушкина А.А. Неклассические эффекты витамина D. Остеопороз и остеопатии. 2017;20(3):90-101 [Pigarova EA, Petrushkina AA. Nonclassical effects of vitamin D. Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2017;20(3):90-101 (In Russ.)].
22. Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, et al. Vitamin D: Beyond bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1287:45-58. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12129
23. Moukayed M, Grant WB. Molecular link between vitamin D and cancer prevention. Nutrients. 2013;5:3993-4021. doi: 10.3390/nu5103993
24. Петрушкина А.А., Пигарова Е.А., Рожинская Л.Я. Эпидемиология дефицита витамина D в Российской Федерации. Остеопороз и остеопатии. 2018;21(3):15-20 [Petrushkina AA, Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LYa. Epidemiology of Vitamin D Deficiency in the Russian Federation. Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2018;21(3):15-20 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/osteo10038
25. Пигарова Е.А. Основные положения клинических рекомендаций Российской Ассоциации Эндокринологов «Дефицит витамина D у взрослых: диагностика, лечение и профилактика». Остеопороз и остеопатии. 2015;18(2):29-32 [Pigarova EA. The main provisions of the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists "Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention". Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2015;18(2):29-32 (In Russ.)].
26. Cashman KD, Sheehy T, O'Neill CM. Is vitamin D deficiency a public health concern for low middle income countries? A systematic literature review. Eur J Nutr. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1607-3
27. Papadimitriou DT. The Big Vitamin D Mistake. J Prev Med Public Health. 2017 Jul;50(4):278-81. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.16.111
28. Пигарова Е.А., Поваляева А.А., Дзеранова Л.К., Рожинская Л.Я. Роль витамина D в профилактике и лечении остеопороза – новый взгляд на известную проблему. Рус. мед. журнал. Медицинское обозрение. 2019;3(10-2):102-6 [Pigarova EA, Povalyaeva AA, Dzerano-
va LK, Rozhinskaya LYa. The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is a new look at a known problem. Rus honey. magazine. Medical Review. 2019;3(10-2):102-6 (In Russ.)].
29. Kara M, Ekiz T, Ricci V, et al. 'Scientific Strabismus' or Two Related Pandemics: COVID-19 & Vitamin D Deficiency. Br J Nutr. 2020;1-20. doi: 10.1017/S0007114520001749
30. Jolliffe DA, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR. Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: systematic review of clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:321-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.017
31. Schwalfenberg GK. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:96-108. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000174
32. Laaksi I. Vitamin D and respiratory infection in adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71:90-7. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111003351
33. Rossi GA, Fanous H, Colin AA. Viral strategies predisposing to respiratory bacterial superinfections. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24699
34. Agier J, Efenberger M, Brzezinska-Blaszczyk E. Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40:225-35. doi: 10.5114/ceji.2015.51359
35. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988
36. Herr C, Shaykhiev R, Bals R. The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2007;7:1449-61. doi: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1449
37. Szymczak I, Pawliczak R. The active metabolite of vitamin D3 as a potential immunomodulator. Scand J Immunol. 2015;83:83-91. doi: 10.1111/sji.12403
38. Bikle DD. Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1376:29-51. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13219
39. Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7:4240-70. doi: 10.3390/nu7064240
40. Handel AE, Sandve GK, Disanto G, et al. Vitamin D receptor ChIP-seq in primary CD4+ cells: relationship to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and autoimmune disease. BMC Med. 2013;11:163. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-163
41. Kongsbak M, von Essen MR, Levring TB, et al. Vitamin D-binding protein controls T cell responses to vitamin D. BMC Immunol. 2014;15:35. doi: 10.1186/s12865-014-0035-2
42. Ooi JH, McDaniel KL, Weaver V, Cantorna MT. Murine CD8+ T cells but not macrophages express the vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25:58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.003
43. Lee MD, Lin CH, Lei WT, et al. Does Vitamin D Deficiency Affect the Immunogenic Responses to Influenza Vaccination? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):409. doi: 10.3390/nu10040409
44. Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virol J. 2019;16:69. doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
45. Ramos-Martínez E, López-Vancell MR, Fernández de Córdova-Aguirre JC, et al. Reduction of respiratory infections in asthma patients supplemented with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL-10 and IFNγ levels and cathelicidin expression. Cytokine. 2018;108:239-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.001
46. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
47. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
48. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-52839688
49. Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(20):10970-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005615117
50. Parlak E, Ertürk A, Çağ Y, et al. The effect of inflammatory cytokines and the level of vitamin D on prognosis in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:18302-10.
51. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-2. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
52. Shi Y, Liu T, Yao LI, et al. Chronic vitamin D deficiency induces lung fibrosis through activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3312. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03474-6
53. Hanff TC, Harhay MO, Brown TS, et al. Is there an association between COVID-19 mortality and the renin-angiotensin system – a call for epidemiologic investigations. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa329
54. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585
55. Mohammad S, Mishra A, Ashraf MZ. Emerging role of vitamin D and its associated molecules in pathways related to pathogenesis of thrombosis. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):649. doi: 10.3390/biom9110649
56. Laird E, Rhodes J, Kenny RA. Vitamin D and Inflamation; potential implications for severity of Covid-19. Ir Med J. 2020;113(5):P81.
57. Marik PE, Kory P, Varon J. Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection? Med Drug Discov. 2020;100041. doi: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041
58. D'Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):E1359. doi: 10.3390/nu12051359
59. Alipio M. Vitamin D Supplementation Could Possibly Improve Clinical Outcomes of Patients Infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) (April 9, 2020). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3571484 or http://dx.doi.org/
10.2139/ssrn.3571484
60. Raharusun P, Sadiah P, Budiarti C, et al. Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality and Vitamin D: An Indonesian Study (April 26, 2020). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3585561 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3585561
61. Jakovac H. COVID-19 and vitamin D-Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(5):E589. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00138.2020
62. Лесняк О.М., Никитинская О.А., Торопцова Н.В. и др. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение дефицита витамина D и кальция у взрослого населения России и пациентов с остеопорозом (по материалам подготовленных клинических рекомендаций). Научно-практическая ревматология. 2015;53(4):403-8. [Lesnyak OM, Nikitinskaya OA, Toroptsova NV, et al. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of vitamin d and calcium deficiencies in the adult population of russia and in patients with osteoporosis (according to the materials of prepared clinical recommendations). Scientific and practical rheumatology. 2015;53(4):403-8 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2015-403-408
63. Пигарова Е.А., Рожинская Л.Я., Белая Ж.Е. и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской ассоциации эндокринологов по диагностике, лечению и профилактике дефицита витамина D у взрослых. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2016;62(4):60-84 [Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LYa, Belaya ZhE, et al. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problems of endocrinology. 2016;62(4):60-84 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/probl201662460-84
64. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, et al. Human serum 25-hydroxychole-calciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(1):204-10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.204
________________________________________________
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Авторы
А.А. Свистунов, Г.К. Махнач, Д.В. Бунина, Т.В. Хоробрых, М.В. Волгин, Н.П. Мищенко, В.Г. Агаджанов, Е.Г. Гандыбина
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет) Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский Университет) Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
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Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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