1. Ulusoy FR, Yolcu M, Ipek E, et al. Coronary artery disease risk factors, coronary artery calcification and coronary bypass surgery. Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(5):OC06-10. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/12081.5989
2. Genereux P, Madhavan MV, Mintz GS, et al. Ischemic Outcomes After Coronary Intervention of Calcified Vessels in Acute Coronary Syndromes Pooled Analysis From the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) and ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) Trials. JACC. 2014;63(18):1845-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.034.4
3. Ehara S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshiyama M, et al. Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 2004;110(22):3424-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000148131.4142 5.e9
4. Inaba M, Ueda M. Vascular Calcification – Pathological Mechanism and Clinical Application. The significance of arterial calcification in unstable plaques. Clin Calcium. 2015;25(5):679-86. doi: CliCa1505679686
5. Holzapfel GA, Mulvihill JJ, Cunnane EM, Walsh MT. Computational approaches for analyzing the mechanics of atherosclerotic plaques: a review. J Biomech. 2014;47(4):859-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.01.011
6. Puchner SB, Mayrhofer T, Park J, et al. Differences in the association of total versus local coronary artery calcium with acute coronary syndrome and culprit lesions in patients with acute chest pain: The coronary calcium paradox. Atherosclerosis. 2018;274:251-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.017
7. Vengrenyuk Y, Carlier S, Xanthos S, et al. A hypothesis for vulnerable plaque rupture due to stress-induced debonding around cellular microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:14678-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606310103
8. Kelly-Arnold A, Maldonado N, Laudier D, et al. Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(26):10741-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308814110
9. Kapustin AN, Shanahan CM. Calcium regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived matrix vesicles. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2012;22(5):133-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.009
10. Wu LN, Genge BR, Lloyd GC, Wuthier RE. Collagen-binding proteins in collagenase-released matrix vesicles from cartilage. Interaction between matrix vesicle proteins and different types of collagen. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(2):1195-203.
11. Bobryshev YV, Killingsworth MC, Huynh TG, et al. Are calcifying matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions of cellular origin? Basic Res Cardiol. 2007;102:133-43. doi: 10.1007/s00395-006-0637-9
12. New SE, Goettsch C, Aikawa M, et al. Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles: an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res. 2013;113(1):72-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301036
13. Maldonado N, Kelly-Arnold A, Vengrenyuk Y, et al. A mechanistic analysis of the role of microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaque stability: potential implications for plaque rupture. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;303(5):H619-28. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00036.2012
14. Полонская Я.В., Каштанова Е.В., Мурашов И.С. и др. Ассоциации остеокальцина, остеопротегерина и кальцитонина с воспалительными биомаркерами в атеросклеротических бляшках коронарных артерий. Бюл. эксперим. биологии и медицины. 2016;162(12):691-4 [Polonskaya YaV, Kashtanova EV, Murashov IS, et al. Associations of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and calcitonin 
with biomarkers in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2016;162(12):691-4 (In Russ.)].
15. Roijers RB, Debernardi N, Cleutjens JP, et al. Microcalcifications in early intimal lesions of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(6):2879-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.004
16. Qiao JH, Mishra V, Fishbein MC, et al. Multinucleated giant cells in atherosclerotic plaques of human carotid arteries: Identification of osteoclast-like cells and their specific proteins in artery wall. Exp Mol Pathol. 2015;99(3):654-62. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.010
17. Higgins CL, Isbilir S, Basto P, et al. Distribution of alkaline phosphate, osteopontin, RANK ligand and osteoprotogerin in calcified human carotid atheroma. Protein J. 2015;34(5):315-28. doi: 10.1007/s10930-015-9620-3
18. Ciceri P, Elli F, Cappelletti L, et al. Osteonectin (SPARC) Expression in Vascular Calcification: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies. Calcif Tissue Int. 2016;99(5):472-80. doi: 10.1007/s00223-016-0167-x
19. Golledge J, McCann M, Mangan S, et al. Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin are expressed at high concentrations within symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1636-41. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000129790.00318.a3
20. Steitz SA, Speer MY, McKee MD, et al. Osteopontin inhibits mineral deposition and promotes regression of ectopic calcification. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(6):2035-46. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64482-3
21. Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin. Paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. ArteriosclerThrombVasc Biol. 2002;22(4):549-53. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000012303.37971.da
22. Gravallese EM. Osteopontin: a bridge between bone and the immune system. J Clin Invest. 2003;112(2):147-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI19190
23. Ohmori R, Momiyama Y, Taniguchi H, et al. Plasma osteopontin levels are associated with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(2):333-7. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00298-3
24. Kerr PG, Guerin AP. Аrterial calcification and stiffness in chronic kidney disease. СЕРР. 2007;34(7):683-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.046 60.x
25. Wallin R, Wajih N, Greenwood GT, Sane DC. Arterial calcification: 
A review of mechanisms, animal models, and the prospects for therapy. Med Res Rev. 2001;21(4):274-301. doi: 10.1002/med.1010
26. Wittrant Y, Couillaud S, Theoleyre S, et al. Osteoprotegerin differentially regulates protease expression in osteoclast cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;293(1):38-44. doi: 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00179-1
27. Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, et al. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(12):1998-2003. doi: 10.1161/hq1201.100229
28. Барбараш О.Л., Лебедева Н.Б., Коков А.Н. и др. Связь биохимических маркеров метаболизма костной ткани, остеопенического синдрома и коронарного атеросклероза у мужчин со стабильной ишемической болезнью сердца. Атеросклероз. 2015;11(2):5-13 [Barbarash OL, Lebedeva NB, Kokov AN, et al. The relationship of biochemical markers of bone metabolism, osteopenic syndrome and coronary atherosclerosis in men with stable coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2015;11(2):5-13 (In Russ.)].
29. Zhou X, Cui Y, Han J. Phosphate/pyrophosphate and MV-related proteins in mineralisation: discoveries from mouse models. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(6):778-90. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.4538
30. Abdelbaky A, Corsini E, Figueroa AL, et al. Focal arterial inflammation precedes subsequent calcification in the same location a longitudinal FDG-PET/CT Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(5):747-54. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000382
31. Li H, Hong S, Zheng Y, et al. Cross talk between the bone and immune systems: osteoclasts function as antigen-presenting cells and activate CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Blood. 2010;116:210-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-255026
32. Chai M, Zhang HT, Zhou YJ, et al. Elevated IL-37 levels in the plasma of patients with severe coronary arterycalcification. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14(5):285-91. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.013
33. Zheng W, Kang H, Shu C, et al. Expression and significance of inflammatory factors and bone formation mediators in carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2008;33(8):746-50.

________________________________________________

1. Ulusoy FR, Yolcu M, Ipek E, et al. Coronary artery disease risk factors, coronary artery calcification and coronary bypass surgery. Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(5):OC06-10. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/12081.5989
2. Genereux P, Madhavan MV, Mintz GS, et al. Ischemic Outcomes After Coronary Intervention of Calcified Vessels in Acute Coronary Syndromes Pooled Analysis From the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) and ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) Trials. JACC. 2014;63(18):1845-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.034.4
3. Ehara S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshiyama M, et al. Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 2004;110(22):3424-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000148131.4142 5.e9
4. Inaba M, Ueda M. Vascular Calcification – Pathological Mechanism and Clinical Application. The significance of arterial calcification in unstable plaques. Clin Calcium. 2015;25(5):679-86. doi: CliCa1505679686
5. Holzapfel GA, Mulvihill JJ, Cunnane EM, Walsh MT. Computational approaches for analyzing the mechanics of atherosclerotic plaques: a review. J Biomech. 2014;47(4):859-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.01.011
6. Puchner SB, Mayrhofer T, Park J, et al. Differences in the association of total versus local coronary artery calcium with acute coronary syndrome and culprit lesions in patients with acute chest pain: The coronary calcium paradox. Atherosclerosis. 2018;274:251-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.017
7. Vengrenyuk Y, Carlier S, Xanthos S, et al. A hypothesis for vulnerable plaque rupture due to stress-induced debonding around cellular microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:14678-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606310103
8. Kelly-Arnold A, Maldonado N, Laudier D, et al. Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(26):10741-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308814110
9. Kapustin AN, Shanahan CM. Calcium regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived matrix vesicles. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2012;22(5):133-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.009
10. Wu LN, Genge BR, Lloyd GC, Wuthier RE. Collagen-binding proteins in collagenase-released matrix vesicles from cartilage. Interaction between matrix vesicle proteins and different types of collagen. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(2):1195-203.
11. Bobryshev YV, Killingsworth MC, Huynh TG, et al. Are calcifying matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions of cellular origin? Basic Res Cardiol. 2007;102:133-43. doi: 10.1007/s00395-006-0637-9
12. New SE, Goettsch C, Aikawa M, et al. Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles: an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res. 2013;113(1):72-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301036
13. Maldonado N, Kelly-Arnold A, Vengrenyuk Y, et al. A mechanistic analysis of the role of microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaque stability: potential implications for plaque rupture. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;303(5):H619-28. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00036.2012
14. Polonskaya YaV, Kashtanova EV, Murashov IS, et al. Associations of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and calcitonin with biomarkers in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2016;162(12):691-4 (In Russ.)
15. Roijers RB, Debernardi N, Cleutjens JP, et al. Microcalcifications in early intimal lesions of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(6):2879-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.004
16. Qiao JH, Mishra V, Fishbein MC, et al. Multinucleated giant cells in atherosclerotic plaques of human carotid arteries: Identification of osteoclast-like cells and their specific proteins in artery wall. Exp Mol Pathol. 2015;99(3):654-62. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.010
17. Higgins CL, Isbilir S, Basto P, et al. Distribution of alkaline phosphate, osteopontin, RANK ligand and osteoprotogerin in calcified human carotid atheroma. Protein J. 2015;34(5):315-28. doi: 10.1007/s10930-015-9620-3
18. Ciceri P, Elli F, Cappelletti L, et al. Osteonectin (SPARC) Expression in Vascular Calcification: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies. Calcif Tissue Int. 2016;99(5):472-80. doi: 10.1007/s00223-016-0167-x
19. Golledge J, McCann M, Mangan S, et al. Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin are expressed at high concentrations within symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1636-41. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000129790.00318.a3
20. Steitz SA, Speer MY, McKee MD, et al. Osteopontin inhibits mineral deposition and promotes regression of ectopic calcification. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(6):2035-46. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64482-3
21. Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin. Paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. ArteriosclerThrombVasc Biol. 2002;22(4):549-53. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000012303.37971.da
22. Gravallese EM. Osteopontin: a bridge between bone and the immune system. J Clin Invest. 2003;112(2):147-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI19190
23. Ohmori R, Momiyama Y, Taniguchi H, et al. Plasma osteopontin levels are associated with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(2):333-7. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00298-3
24. Kerr PG, Guerin AP. Аrterial calcification and stiffness in chronic kidney disease. СЕРР. 2007;34(7):683-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.046 60.x
25. Wallin R, Wajih N, Greenwood GT, Sane DC. Arterial calcification: 
A review of mechanisms, animal models, and the prospects for therapy. Med Res Rev. 2001;21(4):274-301. doi: 10.1002/med.1010
26. Wittrant Y, Couillaud S, Theoleyre S, et al. Osteoprotegerin differentially regulates protease expression in osteoclast cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;293(1):38-44. doi: 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00179-1
27. Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, et al. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(12):1998-2003. doi: 10.1161/hq1201.100229
28. Barbarash OL, Lebedeva NB, Kokov AN, et al. The relationship of biochemical markers of bone metabolism, osteopenic syndrome and coronary atherosclerosis in men with stable coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2015;11(2):5-13 (In Russ.)
29. Zhou X, Cui Y, Han J. Phosphate/pyrophosphate and MV-related proteins in mineralisation: discoveries from mouse models. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(6):778-90. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.4538
30. Abdelbaky A, Corsini E, Figueroa AL, et al. Focal arterial inflammation precedes subsequent calcification in the same location a longitudinal FDG-PET/CT Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(5):747-54. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000382
31. Li H, Hong S, Zheng Y, et al. Cross talk between the bone and immune systems: osteoclasts function as antigen-presenting cells and activate CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Blood. 2010;116:210-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-255026
32. Chai M, Zhang HT, Zhou YJ, et al. Elevated IL-37 levels in the plasma of patients with severe coronary arterycalcification. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14(5):285-91. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.013
33. Zheng W, Kang H, Shu C, et al. Expression and significance of inflammatory factors and bone formation mediators in carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2008;33(8):746-50.

Е.В. Каштанова, Я.В. Полонская, Ю.И. Рагино

Научно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины – филиал ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр "Институт цитологии и генетики"» Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, Новосибирск, Россия

________________________________________________

E.V. Kashtanova, Ya.V. Polonskaya, Yu.I. Ragino 

Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia