Дифференциальная диагностика хилоторакса в терапевтической практике

1. Etiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of chylothorax. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-chylothorax?search.... Accessed: 28.12.2019.
2. Karapolat S, Sanli A, Onen A, Surg T. Chylothorax due to tuberculosis lymphadenopathy: report of a case. Surg Today. 2008;38:938. doi: 10.1007/s00595-007-3739-6
3. Tutor J, Schoumacher R, Chesney J. Chylothorax associated with histoplasmosis in a child. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2000;19:262-3. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200003000-00022
4. Bielsa S, Pardina M, Porcel JM. Chylothorax due to enlarged tuberculous lymph nodes. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204582
5. Nadolski G. Nontraumatic Chylothorax: Diagnostic Algorithm and Treatment Options. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;19:286-90. doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2016.10.008
6. McWilliams A, Gabbay E. Chylothorax occurring 23 years post-irradiation: literature review and management strategies. Respirology. 2000;5:301-3. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2000.00263.x
7. Doerr C, Allen M, Nichols F, Ryu J. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:867-70. doi: 10.4065/80.7.867
8. Gomes A, Ribeiro S, Neves J, Mendonça T. Uncommon aetiologies of chylothorax: superior vena cava syndrome and thoracic aortic aneurysm. Clin Respir J. 2015;9:185-8. doi: 10.1111/crj.12122
9. Miao L, Zhang Y, Hu H, et al. Incidence and management of chylothorax after esophagectomy. Thorac Cancer. 2015;6:354-8. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12240
10. Bryant A, Minnich D, Wei B, Cerfolio R. The incidence and management of postoperative chylothorax after pulmonary resection and thoracic mediastinal lymph node dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:232-7. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.03.003 
11. Ziedalski T, Raffin T, Sze D, et al. Chylothorax after heart/lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;627-31.  doi: 10.1016/s1053-2498(03)00227-4
12. Karapolat S, Sanli A, Onen A. Chylothorax due to tuberculosis lymphadenopathy: report of a case. Surg Today. 2008;38:938-41. doi:10.1007/s00595-007-3739-6
13. Doerr C, Miller D, Ryu J. Chylothorax. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22:617-26. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-18797
14. Lee Y, Tribe A, Musk A. Chylothorax from radiation-induced mediastinal fibrosis. Aust N Z J Med. 1998;28:667-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1998.tb00670.x
15. Ozcan R, Alptekin A, Emre S, et al. An unusual cause of recurrent chylothorax: gorham syndrome. APSP J Case Rep. 2014;5:23. eCollection 2014 May. PMID: 25057476
16. Kudo Y, Miura H, Nakajima E, et al. Chylothorax in POEMS syndrome. Tohoku. J Exp Med. 2014;232:43-6. doi: 10.1620/tjem.232.43
17. Kato E, Takayanagi N, Ishiguro T, et al. IgG4-related pleuritis with chylothorax. Intern Med. 2014;53:1545-8. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1642
18. Blankenship M, Rowlett J, Timby J, et al. Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) presenting with chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 1997;112:1132-3. doi: 10.1378/chest.112.4.1132
19. Ten Hoor T, Hewan-Lowe K, Miller JI, Moss M. A transitional variant of Castleman's disease presenting as a chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 1999;115:285-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.1.285
20. Diaz-Guzman E, Culver D, Stoller J. Transudative chylothorax: report of two cases and review of the literature. Lung. 2005;183:169-75. doi: 10.1007/s00408-004-2531-2
21. Maldonado F, Tazelaar H, Wang C, Ryu J. Yellow nail syndrome: analysis of 41 consecutive patients. Chest. 2008;134:375-81. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0137
22. Ryu J, Doerr C, Fisher S, et al. Сhylothorax in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest. 2003;123:623-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.123.2.623
23. Dori Y, Keller M, Rome J, et al. Percutaneous Lymphatic Embolization of Abnormal Pulmonary Lymphatic Flow as Treatment of Plastic Bronchitis in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation. 2016;133:1160-70. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.019710
24. Mortman K. Mediastinal thoracic duct cyst. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:2006-8. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.138
25. Чучалин А.Г., Шойхет Я.Н., Абакумов М.М. Болезни плевры: монография (серий «Монография Российского респираторного общества»). М.: Атмосфера, 2018 [Chuchalin AG, Shoikhet YN, Abakumov MM. Pleural diseases: monograph (series monograph of the Russian Respiratory Society). Moscow: Atmosphere, 2018 (In Russ.)].
26. Чучалин А.Г. Болезни, ассоциированные с иммуноглобулином G. Пульмонология. 2017;27(3):311-9 [Chuchalin AG. IgG-related diseases. Russian Pulmonology. 2017;27(3):311-9 (In Russ.)]. 
doi: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-3-311-319
27. Паршин В.Д. Хилоторакс в практике торакального и сердечно-сосудистого хирурга. Хирургия. Журн. им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2016;7:36-44 [PArshin VD. Chylothorax in practice of thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon. Surgery. Journal named N.I. Pirogov. 2016;7:36-44 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.17116/hirurgia2016736-44
28. Birt A, Connolly N. Traumatic chylothorax: A report of a case and a survey of the literature. Br J Surg. 1951;39:564-8. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18003915822
29. Baba Y, Yoshida N, Shigaki H, et al. Prognostic impact of postoperative complications in 502 patients with surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective single institution study. Ann Surgery. 2016;264(2):305-11. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001510
30. Uchida S, Suzuki K, Hattori A, et al. Surgical intervention strategy for postoperative chylothorax after lung resection. Surg Today. 2016;46:197-202. doi: 10.1007/s00595-015-1183-6
31. Yadav H, Nolan M, Nichols F, Daniels C. Tension chylothorax following pneumonectomy. Respir Med Case Rep. 2014;14:16-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2014.11.002
32. Martucci N, Tracey M, Rocco G. Postoperative chylothorax. Thorac Surg Clin. 2015;25(4):523-8. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2015.07.014
33. Sarkaria I, Finley D, Bains M, et al. Chylothorax and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury associated with robotic video-assisted mediastinal lymph node dissection. Innovations (Phila). 2015;10(3):170-3. doi: 10.1097/imi.0000000000000160
34. Valentine V, Raffin T. The management of chylothorax. Chest. 1992;102:586-91. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.2.586
35. Kurekci E, Kaye R, Koehler M. Chylothorax and chylopericardium: a complication of a central venous catheter. J Pediatr.1998;132:1064-6. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70414-7
36. Johnson T, Jamous F, Kooistra A, Zawada E. Iatrogenic chylothorax due to pleural cavity extravasation of total parenteral nutrition in two adults receiving nutrition through a peripherally inserted central catheter. Hosp Pract. 2010;38:50-2. doi: 10.3810/hp.2010.02.278
37. Vincent R, Barron J, Mulleague L. Differential diagnosis of chylothorax in a patient on parenteral nutrition: a case report. Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47:84-5. doi: 10.1258/acb.2009.009126
38. Miller KS, Tomlinson JR, Sahn SA. Pleuropulmonary complications of enteral tube feedings. Two reports, review of the literature, and recommendations. Chest. 1985;88:230-3. doi: 10.1378/chest.88.2.230
39. Hooper C, Lee Y, Maskell N, BTS Pleural Guideline Group. Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl. 2):ii4-ii17. doi: 10.1136/thx.2010.136978
40. Lim K, Rosenow E, Staats B, et al. Chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis. Chest. 2004;125:336-40. doi: 10.1378/chest.125.1.336
41. Clark M, Woo R, Johnson S. Thoracoscopic pleural clipping for the management of congenital chylothorax. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(12):1133-7. doi: 10.1007/s00383-015-3760-6
42. Goorwitch J. Traumatic chylothorax and thoracic duct ligature. J Thorac Surg. 1955;29:467-72. PMID: 14368644
43. Servelle M, Nogues C, Soulie J, et al. Spontaneous, postoperative and traumatic chylothorax. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;21:475-86.
44. Wasmuth-Pietzuch A, Hansmann M, Bartmann P, Heep A. Congenital chylothorax: lymphopenia and high risk of neonatal infections. Acta Paediatr. 2007;93:220-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00710.x
45. Orange J, Geha R, Bonilla F. Acute chylothorax in children: selective retention of memory T cells and natural killer cells. J Pediatr. 2003;143:243-9. doi: 10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00305-6
46. Dumont A, Mayer D, Mulholland J. The suppression of immunologic activity by diversion of thoracic duct lymph. Ann Surg. 1964;160:373-83. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196409000-00005
47. Taylor M, Kim S, Vaias L. Therapeutic digoxin level in chylour drainage with no detectable plasma digoxin level. Chest. 1998;114:1482-4. doi: 10.1378/chest.114.5.1482
48. Strange C, Nicolau D, Dryzer S. Chylous transport of amiodarone. Chest. 1992;101:573-4. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.2.573
49. Repp R, Scheld H, Bauer J, et al. Cyclosporine losses by a chylothorax. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992;11:397-8. PMID: 1576148
50. Lim K, Rosenow E, Staats B, et al. Chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis. Chest. 2004;125:336-40. doi: 10.1378/chest.125.1.336
51. Staats B, Ellefson R, Budahn L, et al. The lipoprotein profile of chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55(11):700-4. PMID: 7442324
52. Sachs P, Zelch M, Rice T, et al. Diagnosis and localisation of laceration of the thoracic duct: usefulness of lymphangiography and CT. Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:703-5. doi: 10.2214/ajr.157.4.1892021
53. Chavez C, Conn J. Thoracic duct laceration. Closure under conservative management based on lymphangiography evaluation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966;51:724-8.
54. Ngan H, Fok M, Wong J. The role of lymphography in chylothorax following thoracic surgery. Br J Radiol. 1988;61:1032-6. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-61-731-1032
55. Robinson C. The management of chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985;39:90-5. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62531-3
56. Rahman N, Chapman S, Davies R. Pleural effusion: a structured approach to care. Br Med Bull. 2005;72:31-47. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldh040
57. Huggins JT. Chylothorax and cholesterol pleural effusion. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 31:743-50. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1269834
58. Maldonado F, Hawkins F, Daniels C, et al. Pleural fluid characteristics of chylothorax. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:129-33. doi: 10.4065/84.2.129
59. McGrath E, Blades Z, Anderson P. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010
60. Nair S, Petko M, Hayward M. Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2007;32:362-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.04.024
61. Romero S, Martin C, Hernandez L, et al. Chylothorax in cirrhosis of the liver: analysis of its frequency and clinical characteristics. Chest. 1998;114:154-9. doi: 10.1378/chest.114.1.154
62. Agrawal V, Doelken P, Sahn SA. Pleural fluid analysis in chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 2008;133:1436-41. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2232
63. Diaz-Guzman E, Culver D, Stoller J. Transudative chylothorax: report of two cases and review of the literature. Lung. 2005;183:169-75. doi: 10.1007/s00408-004-2531-2
64. Sassoon C, Light R. Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax. Clin Chest Med. 1985;6:163-71. PMID: 3847300
65. Hamm H, Pfalzer B, Fabel H. Lipoprotein analysis in a chyliform pleural effusion: implications for pathogenesis and diagnosis. Respiration. 1991;58:294-300. doi: 10.1159/000195948
66. Garcia-Zamalloa A, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Aguayo F, Gurrutxaga N. Pseudochylothorax. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999;78:200-7. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199905000-00006
67. Ferguson G. Cholesterol pleural effusion in rheumatoid lung disease. Thorax. 1966;21:577-82. doi: 10.1136/thx.21.6.577

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1. Etiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of chylothorax. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-chylothorax?search.... Accessed: 28.12.2019.
2. Karapolat S, Sanli A, Onen A, Surg T. Chylothorax due to tuberculosis lymphadenopathy: report of a case. Surg Today. 2008;38:938. doi: 10.1007/s00595-007-3739-6
3. Tutor J, Schoumacher R, Chesney J. Chylothorax associated with histoplasmosis in a child. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2000;19:262-3. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200003000-00022
4. Bielsa S, Pardina M, Porcel JM. Chylothorax due to enlarged tuberculous lymph nodes. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204582
5. Nadolski G. Nontraumatic Chylothorax: Diagnostic Algorithm and Treatment Options. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;19:286-90. doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2016.10.008
6. McWilliams A, Gabbay E. Chylothorax occurring 23 years post-irradiation: literature review and management strategies. Respirology. 2000;5:301-3. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2000.00263.x
7. Doerr C, Allen M, Nichols F, Ryu J. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:867-70. doi: 10.4065/80.7.867
8. Gomes A, Ribeiro S, Neves J, Mendonça T. Uncommon aetiologies of chylothorax: superior vena cava syndrome and thoracic aortic aneurysm. Clin Respir J. 2015;9:185-8. doi: 10.1111/crj.12122
9. Miao L, Zhang Y, Hu H, et al. Incidence and management of chylothorax after esophagectomy. Thorac Cancer. 2015;6:354-8. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12240
10. Bryant A, Minnich D, Wei B, Cerfolio R. The incidence and management of postoperative chylothorax after pulmonary resection and thoracic mediastinal lymph node dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:232-7. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.03.003 
11. Ziedalski T, Raffin T, Sze D, et al. Chylothorax after heart/lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;627-31.  doi: 10.1016/s1053-2498(03)00227-4
12. Karapolat S, Sanli A, Onen A. Chylothorax due to tuberculosis lymphadenopathy: report of a case. Surg Today. 2008;38:938-41. doi:10.1007/s00595-007-3739-6
13. Doerr C, Miller D, Ryu J. Chylothorax. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22:617-26. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-18797
14. Lee Y, Tribe A, Musk A. Chylothorax from radiation-induced mediastinal fibrosis. Aust N Z J Med. 1998;28:667-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1998.tb00670.x
15. Ozcan R, Alptekin A, Emre S, et al. An unusual cause of recurrent chylothorax: gorham syndrome. APSP J Case Rep. 2014;5:23. eCollection 2014 May. PMID: 25057476
16. Kudo Y, Miura H, Nakajima E, et al. Chylothorax in POEMS syndrome. Tohoku. J Exp Med. 2014;232:43-6. doi: 10.1620/tjem.232.43
17. Kato E, Takayanagi N, Ishiguro T, et al. IgG4-related pleuritis with chylothorax. Intern Med. 2014;53:1545-8. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1642
18. Blankenship M, Rowlett J, Timby J, et al. Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) presenting with chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 1997;112:1132-3. doi: 10.1378/chest.112.4.1132
19. Ten Hoor T, Hewan-Lowe K, Miller JI, Moss M. A transitional variant of Castleman's disease presenting as a chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 1999;115:285-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.1.285
20. Diaz-Guzman E, Culver D, Stoller J. Transudative chylothorax: report of two cases and review of the literature. Lung. 2005;183:169-75. doi: 10.1007/s00408-004-2531-2
21. Maldonado F, Tazelaar H, Wang C, Ryu J. Yellow nail syndrome: analysis of 41 consecutive patients. Chest. 2008;134:375-81. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0137
22. Ryu J, Doerr C, Fisher S, et al. Сhylothorax in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest. 2003;123:623-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.123.2.623
23. Dori Y, Keller M, Rome J, et al. Percutaneous Lymphatic Embolization of Abnormal Pulmonary Lymphatic Flow as Treatment of Plastic Bronchitis in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation. 2016;133:1160-70. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.019710
24. Mortman K. Mediastinal thoracic duct cyst. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:2006-8. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.138
25. Chuchalin AG, Shoikhet YN, Abakumov MM. Pleural diseases: monograph (series monograph of the Russian Respiratory Society). Moscow: Atmosphere, 2018 (In Russ.)
26. Chuchalin AG. IgG-related diseases. Russian Pulmonology. 2017;27(3):311-9 (In Russ.) doi: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-3-311-319
27. PArshin VD. Chylothorax in practice of thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon. Surgery. Journal named N.I. Pirogov. 2016;7:36-44 (In Russ.) doi: 10.17116/hirurgia2016736-44
28. Birt A, Connolly N. Traumatic chylothorax: A report of a case and a survey of the literature. Br J Surg. 1951;39:564-8. doi: 10.1002/bjs.18003915822
29. Baba Y, Yoshida N, Shigaki H, et al. Prognostic impact of postoperative complications in 502 patients with surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective single institution study. Ann Surgery. 2016;264(2):305-11. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001510
30. Uchida S, Suzuki K, Hattori A, et al. Surgical intervention strategy for postoperative chylothorax after lung resection. Surg Today. 2016;46:197-202. doi: 10.1007/s00595-015-1183-6
31. Yadav H, Nolan M, Nichols F, Daniels C. Tension chylothorax following pneumonectomy. Respir Med Case Rep. 2014;14:16-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2014.11.002
32. Martucci N, Tracey M, Rocco G. Postoperative chylothorax. Thorac Surg Clin. 2015;25(4):523-8. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2015.07.014
33. Sarkaria I, Finley D, Bains M, et al. Chylothorax and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury associated with robotic video-assisted mediastinal lymph node dissection. Innovations (Phila). 2015;10(3):170-3. doi: 10.1097/imi.0000000000000160
34. Valentine V, Raffin T. The management of chylothorax. Chest. 1992;102:586-91. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.2.586
35. Kurekci E, Kaye R, Koehler M. Chylothorax and chylopericardium: a complication of a central venous catheter. J Pediatr.1998;132:1064-6. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70414-7
36. Johnson T, Jamous F, Kooistra A, Zawada E. Iatrogenic chylothorax due to pleural cavity extravasation of total parenteral nutrition in two adults receiving nutrition through a peripherally inserted central catheter. Hosp Pract. 2010;38:50-2. doi: 10.3810/hp.2010.02.278
37. Vincent R, Barron J, Mulleague L. Differential diagnosis of chylothorax in a patient on parenteral nutrition: a case report. Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47:84-5. doi: 10.1258/acb.2009.009126
38. Miller KS, Tomlinson JR, Sahn SA. Pleuropulmonary complications of enteral tube feedings. Two reports, review of the literature, and recommendations. Chest. 1985;88:230-3. doi: 10.1378/chest.88.2.230
39. Hooper C, Lee Y, Maskell N, BTS Pleural Guideline Group. Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl. 2):ii4-ii17. doi: 10.1136/thx.2010.136978
40. Lim K, Rosenow E, Staats B, et al. Chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis. Chest. 2004;125:336-40. doi: 10.1378/chest.125.1.336
41. Clark M, Woo R, Johnson S. Thoracoscopic pleural clipping for the management of congenital chylothorax. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(12):1133-7. doi: 10.1007/s00383-015-3760-6
42. Goorwitch J. Traumatic chylothorax and thoracic duct ligature. J Thorac Surg. 1955;29:467-72. PMID: 14368644
43. Servelle M, Nogues C, Soulie J, et al. Spontaneous, postoperative and traumatic chylothorax. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;21:475-86.
44. Wasmuth-Pietzuch A, Hansmann M, Bartmann P, Heep A. Congenital chylothorax: lymphopenia and high risk of neonatal infections. Acta Paediatr. 2007;93:220-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00710.x
45. Orange J, Geha R, Bonilla F. Acute chylothorax in children: selective retention of memory T cells and natural killer cells. J Pediatr. 2003;143:243-9. doi: 10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00305-6
46. Dumont A, Mayer D, Mulholland J. The suppression of immunologic activity by diversion of thoracic duct lymph. Ann Surg. 1964;160:373-83. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196409000-00005
47. Taylor M, Kim S, Vaias L. Therapeutic digoxin level in chylour drainage with no detectable plasma digoxin level. Chest. 1998;114:1482-4. doi: 10.1378/chest.114.5.1482
48. Strange C, Nicolau D, Dryzer S. Chylous transport of amiodarone. Chest. 1992;101:573-4. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.2.573
49. Repp R, Scheld H, Bauer J, et al. Cyclosporine losses by a chylothorax. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992;11:397-8. PMID: 1576148
50. Lim K, Rosenow E, Staats B, et al. Chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis. Chest. 2004;125:336-40. doi: 10.1378/chest.125.1.336
51. Staats B, Ellefson R, Budahn L, et al. The lipoprotein profile of chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55(11):700-4. PMID: 7442324
52. Sachs P, Zelch M, Rice T, et al. Diagnosis and localisation of laceration of the thoracic duct: usefulness of lymphangiography and CT. Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:703-5. doi: 10.2214/ajr.157.4.1892021
53. Chavez C, Conn J. Thoracic duct laceration. Closure under conservative management based on lymphangiography evaluation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966;51:724-8.
54. Ngan H, Fok M, Wong J. The role of lymphography in chylothorax following thoracic surgery. Br J Radiol. 1988;61:1032-6. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-61-731-1032
55. Robinson C. The management of chylothorax. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985;39:90-5. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62531-3
56. Rahman N, Chapman S, Davies R. Pleural effusion: a structured approach to care. Br Med Bull. 2005;72:31-47. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldh040
57. Huggins JT. Chylothorax and cholesterol pleural effusion. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 31:743-50. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1269834
58. Maldonado F, Hawkins F, Daniels C, et al. Pleural fluid characteristics of chylothorax. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:129-33. doi: 10.4065/84.2.129
59. McGrath E, Blades Z, Anderson P. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010
60. Nair S, Petko M, Hayward M. Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2007;32:362-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.04.024
61. Romero S, Martin C, Hernandez L, et al. Chylothorax in cirrhosis of the liver: analysis of its frequency and clinical characteristics. Chest. 1998;114:154-9. doi: 10.1378/chest.114.1.154
62. Agrawal V, Doelken P, Sahn SA. Pleural fluid analysis in chylous pleural effusion. Chest. 2008;133:1436-41. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2232
63. Diaz-Guzman E, Culver D, Stoller J. Transudative chylothorax: report of two cases and review of the literature. Lung. 2005;183:169-75. doi: 10.1007/s00408-004-2531-2
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М.А. Макаров*1, Г.Е. Баймаканова2, С.А. Красовский3,4

1 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научно-практический центр им. А.С. Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» ФМБА России, Москва, Россия;
4 ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр им. акад. Н.П. Бочкова», Москва, Россия
*mma123@list.ru

________________________________________________

Marina A. Makarova*1, Gulsara E.  Baimakanova2, Stanislav A. Krasovsky3,4

1 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
2 Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia;
3 Scientific Research Institute of Pulmonology, Moscow, Russia;
4 Bochkov Medical Genetic Research Center, Moscow, Russia
*mma123@list.ru