Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Роль гиперактивации иммунной системы в развитии дисфункции щитовидной железы при COVID-19
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2022 г.
________________________________________________
Kolpakova EA, Elfimova AR, Nikankina LV, Troshina EA. The role of systemic immune activation in the development of thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(10):1136–1142.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.10.201879
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Цель. Первичной конечной точкой исследования является оценка взаимосвязи уровней тиреотропного гормона (ТТГ), трийодтиронина свободного (Т3св) и тироксина свободного (Т4св) с маркерами воспалительного процесса. Вторичная конечная точка – выявление связи между значениями ТТГ, Т3св и Т4св и выживаемостью пациентов.
Материалы и методы. В одноцентровое одномоментное ретроспективное исследование включены 122 пациента, госпитализированные в ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» с клинико-лабораторной картиной COVID-19 и двусторонней полисегментарной вирусной пневмонией. Для оценки функционального статуса ЩЖ всем больным проводилось определение ТТГ, Т3св, Т4св, антител к тиреопероксидазе и антител к рецептору ТТГ. При опросе все пациенты отрицали наличие у них заболеваний ЩЖ, при пальпации ЩЖ патологических изменений не выявлено. Дополнительно у всех пациентов оценивали маркеры воспалительного процесса: интерлейкин-6, С-реактивный белок, степень поражения легочной ткани по данным мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии легких, процент насыщения крови кислородом (SpO2) по данным пульсоксиметрии, исходы лечения.
Результаты. Субклинический тиреотоксикоз выявлен у 5/122 (4%) пациентов. Уровень интерлейкина-6 статистически значимо отрицательно коррелировал со значениями ТТГ (r=-0,221; р=0,024) и Т3св (r=-0,238; р=0,015). Анализ уровня госпитальной смертности, стратифицированный по ТТГ, выявил статистически значимо более низкие значения ТТГ в группе умерших пациентов (р=0,012). Медиана ТТГ у выживших пациентов составила 1,34 [0,85; 1,80], у умерших – 0,44 [0,29; 0,99].
Заключение. Наше исследование показывает, что триггером тиреопатий при коронавирусной инфекции с большой вероятностью является повреждение ткани ЩЖ провоспалительными цитокинами. Помимо патофизиологических аспектов тиреотоксикоза это исследование подчеркивает некоторые конкретные клинические аспекты, касающиеся клинической значимости и лечения тиреотоксикоза у пациентов с COVID-19, а именно высокий уровень госпитальной смертности.
Ключевые слова: COVID-19, коронавирусная инфекция, тиреотоксикоз, щитовидная железа, цитокиновый шторм
________________________________________________
Background. The research of cytokine-induced thyropathies in the midst of continuing coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic is a very important and urgent problem. On the one hand, COVID-19 is often accompanied by a massive overproduction of cytokines, so we can expect an enhanced cytokines effects impact on the thyroid gland. On the other hand, it is possible that biological therapy with tocilizumab, which has a powerful immunosuppressive effect, plays a protective role to the development of cytokines-induced thyropathies amidst COVID-19. The results of the study should be the starting point for understanding the mechanisms of possible compromise of thyroid function during COVID-19.
Aim. The primary endpoint is to assess the relationship between the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) with the inflammatory process markers. The secondary endpoint is the identification of an association between TSH, FT3 and FT4 values, and patient survival.
Materials and methods. This retrospective, single-center study included 122 patients hospitalized at the National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology with a clinical and laboratory analysis of COVID-19 and bilateral polysegmental viral pneumonia. To assess the functional status of the thyroid gland all patients underwent observation of the TSH, FT3, FT4, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, antibodies to the TSH receptor (AT-recTSH). The markers of the inflammatory process were assessed: interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, the degree of lung tissue damage according to multispiral computed tomography of the lungs, the percentage of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), the treatment outcomes.
Results. Five (4%) patients were found with subclinical thyrotoxicosis. Serum TSH values were inversely correlated with interleukin-6 (r=-0.221; p=0.024). Analysis of the level of hospital mortality, stratified by TSH, revealed statistically significantly lower TSH values in the group of deceased patients (p=0.012). The median TSH in surviving patients was 1.34 [0.85; 1.80], for the deceased 0.44 [0.29; 0.99].
Conclusion. Our research shows that the trigger of thyropathies in coronavirus infection is most likely thyroid tissue damage by the proinflammatory cytokines. This study shows some specific clinical aspects regarding the clinical relevance in patients with thyrotoxicosis and COVID-19, namely, the high hospital mortality rate.
Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus infection, thyrotoxicosis, thyroid, cytokine storm
2. Leow MKS, Kwek DSK, Ng AWK, et al. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197-202.
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x
3. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol. 2020;214. DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393
4. Ruggeri RM, Campennì A, Deandreis D, et al. SARS-COV-2-related immune-inflammatory thyroid disorders: facts and perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2021;17(7):737-59. DOI:10.1080/1744666X.2021.1932467
5. Wei L, Sun S, Xu CH, et al. Pathology of the thyroid in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(1):95-102. DOI:10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.011
6. Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):1-7.
DOI:10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x
7. Ortiz-Prado E, Simbaña-Rivera K, Gómez-Barreno L, et al. Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;98(1):115094. DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094
8. Hill JA, Menon MP, Dhanireddy S, et al. Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Clinical outcomes, inflammatory marker kinetics, and safety. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):2270-80. DOI:10.1002/jmv.26674
9. Lania A, Sandri MT, Cellini M, et al. Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: The THYRCOV study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(4):381-7. DOI:10.1530/EJE-20-0335
10. Chen M, Zhou W, Xu W. Thyroid Function Analysis in 50 Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Thyroid. 2021;31(1):8-11. DOI:10.1089/thy.2020.0363
11. Wang W, Su X, Ding Y, et al. Thyroid Function Abnormalities in COVID-19 Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;11. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.623792
12. Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ. Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(8):1-4. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2020-237336
13. Carlé A, Andersen SL, Boelaert K, Laurberg P. Management of endocrine disease: Subclinical thyrotoxicosis: Prevalence, causes and choice of therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176(6):R325-37. DOI:10.1530/EJE-16-0276
14. Fade JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, et al. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1991;34(1):77-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1991.tb01739.x
15. Nugroho CW, Suryantoro SD, Yuliasih Y, et al. Optimal use of tocilizumab for severe and critical COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research. 2021;10. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.45046.1
16. Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: The ‘Euthyroid sick syndrome’. Endocr Rev. 1982;3(2):164-217. DOI:10.1210/edrv-3-2-164
17. Fliers E, Boelen A. An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(8):1597-607. DOI:10.1007/s40618-020-01482-4
18. Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res. 2020;191(7):9-14. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024
19. Schatz DL, Sheppard RH, Steiner G, et al. Influence of heparin on serum free thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969;29(8):1015-22. DOI:10.1210/jcem-29-8-1015
20. Mendel CM, Frost PH, Kunitake ST, Cavalieri RR. Mechanism of the heparin-induced increase in the concentration of free thyroxine in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65(6):1259-64. DOI:10.1210/jcem-65-6-1259
21. Laji K, Rhidha B, John R, et al. Abnormal serum free thyroid hormone levels due to heparin administration. QJM – Mon J Assoc Physicians. 2001;94(9):471-3. DOI:10.1093/qjmed/94.9.471
________________________________________________
1. Chen W, Tian Y, Li Z, et al. Potential Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Thyroid: A Review. Endocrinology. 2021;162(3):1-13. DOI:10.1210/endocr/bqab004
2. Leow MKS, Kwek DSK, Ng AWK, et al. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197-202.
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x
3. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol. 2020;214. DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393
4. Ruggeri RM, Campennì A, Deandreis D, et al. SARS-COV-2-related immune-inflammatory thyroid disorders: facts and perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2021;17(7):737-59. DOI:10.1080/1744666X.2021.1932467
5. Wei L, Sun S, Xu CH, et al. Pathology of the thyroid in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(1):95-102. DOI:10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.011
6. Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):1-7.
DOI:10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x
7. Ortiz-Prado E, Simbaña-Rivera K, Gómez-Barreno L, et al. Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;98(1):115094. DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094
8. Hill JA, Menon MP, Dhanireddy S, et al. Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Clinical outcomes, inflammatory marker kinetics, and safety. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):2270-80. DOI:10.1002/jmv.26674
9. Lania A, Sandri MT, Cellini M, et al. Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: The THYRCOV study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(4):381-7. DOI:10.1530/EJE-20-0335
10. Chen M, Zhou W, Xu W. Thyroid Function Analysis in 50 Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Thyroid. 2021;31(1):8-11. DOI:10.1089/thy.2020.0363
11. Wang W, Su X, Ding Y, et al. Thyroid Function Abnormalities in COVID-19 Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;11. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.623792
12. Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ. Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(8):1-4. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2020-237336
13. Carlé A, Andersen SL, Boelaert K, Laurberg P. Management of endocrine disease: Subclinical thyrotoxicosis: Prevalence, causes and choice of therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176(6):R325-37. DOI:10.1530/EJE-16-0276
14. Fade JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, et al. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1991;34(1):77-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1991.tb01739.x
15. Nugroho CW, Suryantoro SD, Yuliasih Y, et al. Optimal use of tocilizumab for severe and critical COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research. 2021;10. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.45046.1
16. Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: The ‘Euthyroid sick syndrome’. Endocr Rev. 1982;3(2):164-217. DOI:10.1210/edrv-3-2-164
17. Fliers E, Boelen A. An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(8):1597-607. DOI:10.1007/s40618-020-01482-4
18. Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res. 2020;191(7):9-14. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024
19. Schatz DL, Sheppard RH, Steiner G, et al. Influence of heparin on serum free thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969;29(8):1015-22. DOI:10.1210/jcem-29-8-1015
20. Mendel CM, Frost PH, Kunitake ST, Cavalieri RR. Mechanism of the heparin-induced increase in the concentration of free thyroxine in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65(6):1259-64. DOI:10.1210/jcem-65-6-1259
21. Laji K, Rhidha B, John R, et al. Abnormal serum free thyroid hormone levels due to heparin administration. QJM – Mon J Assoc Physicians. 2001;94(9):471-3. DOI:10.1093/qjmed/94.9.471
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*colpakova.ev@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Evgenia A. Kolpakova*, Alina R. Elfimova, Larisa V. Nikankina, Ekaterina A. Troshina
National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russia
*colpakova.ev@mail.ru