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Фиброз легких у больных, перенесших COVID-19
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2022 г.
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Chuchalin AG. Pulmonary fibrosis in patients with COVID-19: A review. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(11):1333–1339. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.11.201943
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Ключевые слова: фиброз легких, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, постковидный синдром, одышка, ремоделирование легочной ткани, гипоксия, антифибротическая терапия
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The viral infectious disease pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected over 500 million people and killed over 6 million. This is the official data provided by the WHO as of the end of May 2022. Among people who have recovered from COVID-19, post-COVID syndrome is quite common. Scattered epidemiological studies on post-COVID syndrome, however, indicate its high relevance. One of the manifestations of post-COVID syndrome is the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). This article is devoted to the analysis of literature data on epidemiology, immunomorphology, as well as X-ray morphological and functional characteristics of PF in patients with post-COVID syndrome. Attention is drawn to the various phenotypes of the post-COVID syndrome and the incidence of PF, which, as clinical practice shows, is most common in people who have had severe COVID-19. This article discusses in detail the molecular biological and immunological mechanisms of PF development. The fibrotic process of the lung parenchyma is not an early manifestation of the disease; as a rule, radiomorphological signs of this pathological process develop after four weeks from the onset of acute manifestations of a viral infection. The characteristic signs of PF include those that indicate the process of remodulation of the lung tissue: volumetric decrease in the lungs, “cellular” degeneration of the lung parenchyma, bronchiectasis and traction bronchiolectasis. The process of remodulating the lung tissue, in the process of fibrosis, is accompanied by a violation of the lung function; a particularly sensitive test of functional disorders is a decrease in the diffusion capacity of the lung tissue. Therefore, in the process of monitoring patients with post-COVID syndrome, a dynamic study of the ventilation function of the lungs is recommended. The main clinical manifestation of PF is dyspnea that occurs with minimal exertion. Shortness of breath also reflects another important aspect of fibrous remodulation of the lung parenchyma – oxygen dissociation is disturbed, which reflects a violation of the gas exchange function of the lungs. There are no generally accepted treatments for PF in post-COVID syndrome. The literature considers such approaches as the possibility of prescribing antifibrotic therapy, hyaluronidase, and medical gases: thermal helium, nitric oxide, and atomic hydrogen. The article draws attention to the unresolved issues of post-covid PF in people who have had COVID-19.
Keywords: pulmonary fibrosis, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, post-COVID syndrome, dyspnea, pulmonary remodeling, hypoxia, antifibrotic therapy
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2. Giacomelli C, Piccarducci R, Marchetti L, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic intervention: lessons from post-COVID-19 patients. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021;193:114812. DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114812
3. Mylvaganam RJ, Bailey JI, Sznajder JI, Sala MA. Recovering from a pandemic: pulmonary fibrosis after SARS-COV-2 infection. Eur Respir Rev. 2021;30:210194. DOI:10.1183/16000617.0194-2021
4. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:934-43. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
5. Funke-Chambour M, Bridevaux P-O, Clarenbach CF. Swiss recommendation for the follow-up and treatment of pulmonary long COVID. Respiration. 2021;100:826-41. DOI:10.1159/000517255
6. Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Chest CT manifestations of new coronaviruses disease 2019: a pictorial review. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(8):4381-9. DOI:10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0
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9. Lee SN, Seol AY, Ji MS, et al. Role HA in airway goblet cell hyperplasia. AJRCM. Articles in press. Published June 09 2022.
10. Cheng P, Li S, Chen H. Macrophages in lung injury, repair and fibrosis. Cells. 2021;10:436. DOI:10.3390/cells10020436
11. Wu Y, Goplen N, Sun J. Aging and respiratory viral infection: from acute morbidity to chronic sequelae. Cell Biosci. 2021;11:112. DOI:10.1186/s13578-021-00624-2
12. Xu J, Xu X, Jiang L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 induces transcriptional signatures in human lung epithelial cells that promote lung fibrosis. Respir Res. 2020;21:182.
DOI:10.1186/s12931-020-01445-6
13. Papakonkonstantinou E, Roth M, Tamm M, et al. Hypoxia differentially enchances the effects of transforming growth factor-b isorforms on the synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans by human lung fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301:830-7. DOI:10.1124/jpet.301.3.830
14. Sweeney R, McAuley D. Acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2016;388:2416-30. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00578-X
15. Su Y, Yan D, Chen DG, et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022;185:881-95. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014
16. Gold JE, Okyay RA, Licht WE, Hurley DJ. Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Pathogens. 2021;10:763.
DOI:10.3390/ pathogens10060763
17. Fu Q, Zhang X. From blood to tissue: take a deeper look at B cell in lupus. Cell Mol Immunolog. 2021;18:2073. DOI:10.1038/s41423-021-00713-9
18. Bourguignon LYW, Zhu D, Zhu H. CD44 isorform-cytoskeleton interaction in oncogenic signaling and tumor progression. Bioscience. 1998;3:637-49. DOI:10.2741/a308
19. Hansel DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246(3):697-722. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2462070712
20. Kitaev VM, Belova IB, Abovich JuA, at al. Symptom frosted glass and its morphological components. Bulletin of Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center. 2016;11(2):80-7 (in Russian).
21. Wajner M, Vargas CR, Amaral AU. Disruption of mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress contribute to neurologic dysfunction in organic acidurias. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2020;696:108646. DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2020.108646
22. Shogenova LV, Truong TT, Kryukova NO, at al. Hydrogen inhalation in rehabilitation program of the medical staff recovered from COVID-19. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(6):2986 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2986
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*pulmomoskva@mail.ru
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Alexander G. Chuchalin*
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*pulmomoskva@mail.ru