13 декабря 2021 г. проведен совет экспертов с целью определения позиции экспертов разных специальностей относительно причин низкого уровня диагностики хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии (ХТЭЛГ) в реальной клинической практике в условиях пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции и возможных способов улучшения выявляемости у пациентов с тромбоэмболией легочной артерии (ТЭЛА) в анамнезе. Причинами низкого уровня диагностики ХТЭЛГ являются недостаточный уровень знаний специалистов, особенно врачей первичного звена; отсутствие четких регламентирующих документов и экспертных центров по ведению данной категории пациентов. Первичная диагностика ХТЭЛГ в условиях пандемии может быть усилена за счет широкого применения телемедицины для консультаций врачей первичного звена со специалистами экспертных центров; максимального увеличения роли эхокардиографии и компьютерной томографии (КТ) как методов дифференциальной диагностики при одышке, в частности у пациентов с COVID-19. Для увеличения выявляемости ХТЭЛГ необходима диагностическая настороженность в отношении пациентов с факторами риска и эпизодами венозных тромбоэмболий. Для улучшения скрининга ХТЭЛГ необходимо создать алгоритм наблюдения за пациентами, перенесшими ТЭЛА; обеспечить просветительскую деятельность, в том числе через СМИ; создать материалы для пациентов с доступной информацией. В регламентирующих документах следует обозначить круг ответственных специалистов, которые будут заниматься длительным наблюдением за пациентами с ТЭЛА. Необходимы образовательные программы для врачей первичного звена, кардиологов и врачей других специальностей, в поле зрения которых попадают пациенты с ХТЭЛГ; внедрение программы создания экспертных центров по наблюдению и ведению пациентов с возможностью проведения вентиляционно-перфузионной сцинтиграфии легких, кардиопульмонального нагрузочного теста, КТ, катетеризации правых отделов сердца. Представляется важным выстроить взаимодействие с Минздравом России с целью создания специальных протоколов, порядков ведения пациентов с ТЭЛА и ХТЭЛГ.
On December 13, 2021, an expert council was held to determine the position of experts of different specialties regarding the reasons for the low level of diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in real clinical practice in a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection and possible ways to improve detection in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) ) in history. The reasons for the low level of diagnosis of CTEPH are the insufficient level of knowledge of specialists, especially primary care physicians; lack of clear regulatory documents and expert centers for the management of this category of patients. Primary diagnosis of CTEPH in a pandemic can be strengthened through the widespread use of telemedicine for consultations of primary care physicians with specialists from expert centers; to maximize the role of echocardiography and computed tomography (CT) as differential diagnostic tools for dyspnea, in particular in patients with COVID-19. To increase the detection rate of CTEPH, diagnostic vigilance is required in patients with risk factors and episodes of venous thromboembolism. To improve the screening of CTEPH, it is necessary to create an algorithm for monitoring patients who have had PE; provide educational activities, including through the media; create materials for patients with accessible information. The regulatory documents should designate the circle of responsible specialists who will be engaged in long-term monitoring of patients with PE. Educational programs are needed for primary care physicians, cardiologists, and other physicians who come into the field of view of patients with CTEPH; introduction of a program to create expert centers for monitoring and managing patients with the possibility of performing ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy, cardiopulmonary stress test, CT, right heart catheterization. It seems important to build cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Russia in order to create special protocols, procedures for managing patients with PE and CTEPH.
1. Чазова И.Е., Мартынюк Т.В., Валиева З.С., и др. Евразийские рекомендации по диагностике и лечению легочной гипертензии. Евразийский кардиологический журнал. 2020;1:78-122 [Chazova IE, Martynyuk TV, Valieva ZS, et al. Eurasian clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eurasian Heart Journal. 2020;1:78-122 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.38109/2225-1685-2020-1-78-122
2. Delcroix M, Kerr K, Fedullo P. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(Suppl. 3):S201-6. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-621AS
3. Pepke-Zaba J, Delcroix M, Lang I, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1973-81. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015008
4. Чазова И.Е., Мартынюк Т.В., Валиева З.С., и др. Оценка бремени ХТЭЛГ в Российской Федерации. Терапевтический архив. 2018;90(9):101-9 [Chazova IE, Martynyuk TV, Valieva ZS. The economic burden of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in Russian Federation. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2018;90(9):101-9 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/terarkh2018909101-109
5. Чазова И.Е., Мартынюк Т.В. от имени рабочей группы по разработке и подготовке текста Российских рекомендаций по диагностике и лечению ХТЭЛГ. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии. Терапевтический архив. 2016;88(10):63-73 [Chazova IE, Martynyuk TV on behalf of the Working Group on Text Preparation for Russian Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of CTEPH. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2016;88(10):63-73 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201688663-73
6. Валиева З.С., Мартынюк Т.В., Наконечников С.Н., Чазова И.Е. Характеристика пациентов с ХТЭЛГ по данным Российского национального регистра. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(9):1058-65 [Valieva ZS, Martynyuk TV, Nakonechnikov SN, Chazova IE. Characteristics of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension according to the Russian National Registry. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2021;93(9):1058-65 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/00403660.2021.09.201037
7. Klok FA, Barco S, Konstantinides SV, et al. Determinants of diagnostic delay in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from the European CTEPH Registry. Eur Respir J. 2018;52:180167. DOI:10.1183/13993003.01687-2018
8. Halawa S, Pullamsetti SS, Bangham CRM, et al. Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: a global perspective. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(5):314-31. DOI:10.1038/s41569-021-00640-2
9. Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Impact of thrombolytic therapy on the long-term outcome of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(12):1536-44. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.039
10. Sharifi M, Bay C, Skrocki L, et al. Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the MOPETT Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):273-7. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.027
11. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis andmanagement of acute pulmonary embolismdeveloped in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41:543-603. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405
12. Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica. 2007;92(2):199-205. DOI:10.3324/haematol.10516
13. Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2003;362(9383):523-6. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14111-6
14. Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(26):2499-510. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1007903
15. Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al; EINSTEIN CHOICE Investigators. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(13):1211-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700518
16. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):709-18. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1113697
17. Klok FA, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Kostrubiec M, et al. Derivation of a clinical prediction score for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(1):121-8. DOI:10.1111/jth.13175
18. Douillet D, Riou J, Penaloza A, et al. Risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in mild and moderate COVID-19: A comparison of two prospective European cohorts. Thromb Res. 2021;208:4-10. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.10.001
19. Al-Samkari A, Karp Leaf R, Dzik W, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood. 2020;136(4):489-500. DOI:10.1182/blood.2020006520
20. Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood. 2020;136(11):1347-50. DOI:10.1182/blood.2020008086
21. Порембская О.Я., Лобастов К.В., Кравчук В.Н., и др. Легочная эмболия – разрозненные части несобранной мозаики. Флебология. 2021;15(3):188-98 [Porembskaya OYa, Lobastov KV, Kravchuk VN, et al. Pulmonary embolism – scattered elements of incomplete puzzle. Flebologiya. 2021;15(3):188-98 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/flebo202115031188
22. Chernysh IN, Nagaswami C, Kosolapova S, et al. The distinctive structure and composition of arterial and venous thrombi and pulmonary emboli. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5112. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-59526-x
23. Pepke-Zaba J, Delcroix M, Lang I, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1973-81. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015008
24. Чазова И.Е., Валиева З.С., Наконечников С.Н., и др. Особенности клинико-функционального и гемодинамического профиля, лекарственной терапии и оценка прогноза у пациентов с неоперабельной ХТЭЛГ и идиопатической легочной гипертензией по данным Российского регистра. Терапевтический архив. 2019;91(9):77-87 [Chazova IE, Valieva ZS, Nakonechnikov SN, et al. Features of clinical, functional and hemodynamics profile, medical treatment and prognosis evaluation in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension according to the Russian registry. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2019;91(9):77-87 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/00403660.2019.09.000343
25. Tiede H, Hoeper MM, Richter M, et al. Global burden of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): An epidemiological analysis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:P2326.
26. Delcroix M, Torbicki A, Gopalan D. ERS Statement on Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(6):2002828. DOI:10.1183/13993003.02828-2020
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1. Chazova IE, Martynyuk TV, Valieva ZS, et al. Eurasian clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eurasian Heart Journal. 2020;1:78-122 (in Russian). DOI:10.38109/2225-1685-2020-1-78-122
2. Delcroix M, Kerr K, Fedullo P. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(Suppl. 3):S201-6. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-621AS
3. Pepke-Zaba J, Delcroix M, Lang I, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1973-81. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015008
4. Chazova IE, Martynyuk TV, Valieva ZS. The economic burden of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in Russian Federation. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2018;90(9):101-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/terarkh2018909101-109
5. Chazova IE, Martynyuk TV on behalf of the Working Group on Text Preparation for Russian Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of CTEPH. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2016;88(10):63-73 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201688663-73
6. Valieva ZS, Martynyuk TV, Nakonechnikov SN, Chazova IE. Characteristics of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension according to the Russian National Registry. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2021;93(9):1058-65 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2021.09.201037
7. Klok FA, Barco S, Konstantinides SV, et al. Determinants of diagnostic delay in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from the European CTEPH Registry. Eur Respir J. 2018;52:180167. DOI:10.1183/13993003.01687-2018
8. Halawa S, Pullamsetti SS, Bangham CRM, et al. Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: a global perspective. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(5):314-31. DOI:10.1038/s41569-021-00640-2
9. Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Impact of thrombolytic therapy on the long-term outcome of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(12):1536-44. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.039
10. Sharifi M, Bay C, Skrocki L, et al. Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the MOPETT Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):273-7. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.027
11. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis andmanagement of acute pulmonary embolismdeveloped in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41:543-603. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405
12. Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica. 2007;92(2):199-205. DOI:10.3324/haematol.10516
13. Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2003;362(9383):523-6. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14111-6
14. Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(26):2499-510. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1007903
15. Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al; EINSTEIN CHOICE Investigators. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(13):1211-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700518
16. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):709-18. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1113697
17. Klok FA, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Kostrubiec M, et al. Derivation of a clinical prediction score for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(1):121-8. DOI:10.1111/jth.13175
18. Douillet D, Riou J, Penaloza A, et al. Risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in mild and moderate COVID-19: A comparison of two prospective European cohorts. Thromb Res. 2021;208:4-10. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.10.001
19. Al-Samkari A, Karp Leaf R, Dzik W, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood. 2020;136(4):489-500. DOI:10.1182/blood.2020006520
20. Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood. 2020;136(11):1347-50. DOI:10.1182/blood.2020008086
21. Porembskaya OYa, Lobastov KV, Kravchuk VN, et al. Pulmonary embolism – scattered elements of incomplete puzzle. Flebologiya. 2021;15(3):188-98 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/flebo202115031188
22. Chernysh IN, Nagaswami C, Kosolapova S, et al. The distinctive structure and composition of arterial and venous thrombi and pulmonary emboli. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5112. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-59526-x
23. Pepke-Zaba J, Delcroix M, Lang I, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1973-81. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015008
24. Chazova IE, Valieva ZS, Nakonechnikov SN, et al. Features of clinical, functional and hemodynamics profile, medical treatment and prognosis evaluation in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension according to the Russian registry. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2019;91(9):77-87 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2019.09.000343
25. Tiede H, Hoeper MM, Richter M, et al. Global burden of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): An epidemiological analysis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:P2326.
26. Delcroix M, Torbicki A, Gopalan D. ERS Statement on Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(6):2002828. DOI:10.1183/13993003.02828-2020
Members of the Expert Council: Irina E. Chazova (chairman of the Expert Council), Tamila V. Martynyuk* (chairman of the Expert Council), Sergey V. Gorbachevskii, Vladimir V. Gramovich, Nikolay M. Danilov, Elizaveta P. Panchenko, Aleksandr M. Chernyavskiy, Anton A. Shmalts, Igor S. Yavelov
*trukhiniv@mail.ru