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Преимущества агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в лечении пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа
Преимущества агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в лечении пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа
Демидова Т.Ю., Титова В.В., Измайлова М.Я. Преимущества агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в лечении пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа. Терапевтический архив.
2023;95(10):876–880. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.10.202425
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.10.202425
2023;95(10):876–880. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.10.202425
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
________________________________________________
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.10.202425
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 (арГПП-1) являются эффективным средством лечения пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа (СД 2), в основном благодаря увеличению секреции инсулина и подавления высвобождения глюкагона за счет стимуляции соответствующих рецепторов. Принимая во внимание их положительное влияние на основные сердечно-сосудистые события, препараты данной группы с доказанными кардиопротективными эффектами рекомендованы для пациентов с СД 2 и клиническими сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями и их множественными факторами риска. В данной статье мы представляем обзор текущих клинических исследований, касающихся клинической эффективности и безопасности применения арГПП-1, и обсуждаем текущие перспективы применения арГПП-1 для лечения пациентов с СД 2.
Ключевые слова: агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1, сахарный диабет 2-го типа, сердечно-сосудистые исходы
Keywords: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular outcomes
Ключевые слова: агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1, сахарный диабет 2-го типа, сердечно-сосудистые исходы
________________________________________________
Keywords: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular outcomes
Полный текст
Список литературы
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13. Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4382-9. DOI:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7877
14. Raun K, von Voss P, Knudsen LB. Liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, minimizes food intake in severely obese minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1710-6. DOI:10.1038/oby.2007.204
15. Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:672. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00672
16. Vilsbøll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d7771
17. Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116-24. DOI:10.1111/dom.14451
18. Apovian CM, Bergenstal RM, Cuddihy RM, et al. Effects of exenatide combined with lifestyle modification in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Med.
2010;123(5):468.e9-e4.68E17. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.11.019
19. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1092-100. DOI:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092
20. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2628-35. DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628
21. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247-57. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1509225
22. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917
23. Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al. Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):500-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.10260
24. Margulies KB, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, et al. GLP-1 agonist therapy for advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for the functional impact of GLP-1 for heart failure treatment study. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(4):673-9. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.000346
25. Meier JJ, Rosenstock J, Hincelin-Méry A, et al. Contrasting Effects of Lixisenatide and Liraglutide on Postprandial Glycemic Control, Gastric Emptying, and Safety Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Optimized Insulin Glargine With or Without Metformin: A Randomized, Open-Label Trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):1263-73. DOI:10.2337/dc14-1984
26. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5
27. Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists for prevention of cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis including the REWIND and PIONEER 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(11):2576-80. DOI:10.1111/dom.13847
28. Giugliano D, Scappaticcio L, Longo M, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):189. DOI:10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8
29. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, De Nicola L, et al. Primary versus secondary cardiorenal prevention in type 2 diabetes: which newer antihyperglycaemic drug matters? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:149‑57. DOI:10.1111/dom.13881
30. Giugliano D, Chiodini P, Maiorino MI, et al. Cardiovascular outcome trials and major cardiovascular events: does glucose matter? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42:1165-9. DOI:10.1007/s40618-019-01047-0
31. Almutairi M, Al Batran R, Ussher JR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor action in the vasculature. Peptides. 2019;111:26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.002
32. Alicic RZ, Cox EJ, Neumiller JJ, Tuttle KR. Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:227-44. DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00367-2
33. Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(8):605-17. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30104-9
34. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):131-8. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31150-X
35. Zavattaro M, Caputo M, Samà MT, et al. One-year treatment with liraglutide improved renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective study. Endocrine. 2015;50(3):620-6. DOI:10.1007/s12020-014-0519-0
36. Davies MJ, Bain SC, Atkin SL, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Versus Placebo as Add-on to Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment (LIRA-RENAL): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):222-30. DOI:10.2337/dc14-2883
37. Mann JFE, Hansen T, Idorn T, et al. Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on kidney function and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-7 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(11):880-93. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30313-2
38. Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, Merrill P, et al. Renal outcomes in the EXenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL). Diabetes. 2018;6(Suppl. 1):522. DOI:10.2337/db18-522-P
39. van der Aart-van der Beek AB, Clegg LE, Penland RC, et al. Effect of once-weekly exenatide on estimated glomerular filtration rate slope depends on baseline renal risk: a post hoc analysis of the EXSCEL trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2493-8. DOI:10.1111/dom.14175
40. Monami M, Nardini C, Mannucci E. Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Glucose Co-Transport-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(5):457-66. DOI:10.1111/dom.12244
41. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-28. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
42. Wright AK, Carr MJ, Kontopantelis E, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Heart Failure Events With SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Their Combination in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(4):909-18. DOI:10.2337/dc21-1113
43. Gourdy P, Darmon P, Dievart F, et al. Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):79. DOI:10.1186/s12933-023-01798-4
44. Wang Y, Li L, Yang M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus insulin in inadequately controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2011;13(11):972-81. DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01436.x
45. Cimmaruta D, Maiorino M, Scavone C, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin-GLP-1 receptor agonists combination in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Exp Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(Suppl. 2):77‑83. DOI:10.1080/14740338.2016.1221402
2. Panjwani N, Mulvihill EE, Longuet C, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation indirectly reduces hepatic lipid accumulation but does not attenuate development of atherosclerosis in diabetic male ApoE(-/-) mice. Endocrinology. 2013;154(1):127-39. DOI:10.1210/en.2012-1937
3. Nauck MA, Meier JJ, Cavender MA, et al. Cardiovascular actions and clinical outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Circulation. 2017;136:849-70. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 117.028136
4. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
5. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375 (19):1834-44. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
6. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1519-29. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18) 32261-X
7. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121-30. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3
8. Gerstein HC, Sattar N, Rosenstock J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with efpeglenatide in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(10):896-907. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2108269
9. Bethel MA, Patel RA, Merrill P, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(2):105-13. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30412-6
10. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213- 8587(21)00203-5
11. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl. 1):S1-298.
12. Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(4):524-36. DOI:10.1111/dom.12849
13. Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4382-9. DOI:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7877
14. Raun K, von Voss P, Knudsen LB. Liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, minimizes food intake in severely obese minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1710-6. DOI:10.1038/oby.2007.204
15. Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:672. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00672
16. Vilsbøll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d7771
17. Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116-24. DOI:10.1111/dom.14451
18. Apovian CM, Bergenstal RM, Cuddihy RM, et al. Effects of exenatide combined with lifestyle modification in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Med.
2010;123(5):468.e9-e4.68E17. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.11.019
19. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1092-100. DOI:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092
20. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2628-35. DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628
21. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247-57. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1509225
22. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917
23. Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al. Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):500-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.10260
24. Margulies KB, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, et al. GLP-1 agonist therapy for advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for the functional impact of GLP-1 for heart failure treatment study. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(4):673-9. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.000346
25. Meier JJ, Rosenstock J, Hincelin-Méry A, et al. Contrasting Effects of Lixisenatide and Liraglutide on Postprandial Glycemic Control, Gastric Emptying, and Safety Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Optimized Insulin Glargine With or Without Metformin: A Randomized, Open-Label Trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):1263-73. DOI:10.2337/dc14-1984
26. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5
27. Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists for prevention of cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis including the REWIND and PIONEER 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(11):2576-80. DOI:10.1111/dom.13847
28. Giugliano D, Scappaticcio L, Longo M, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):189. DOI:10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8
29. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, De Nicola L, et al. Primary versus secondary cardiorenal prevention in type 2 diabetes: which newer antihyperglycaemic drug matters? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:149‑57. DOI:10.1111/dom.13881
30. Giugliano D, Chiodini P, Maiorino MI, et al. Cardiovascular outcome trials and major cardiovascular events: does glucose matter? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42:1165-9. DOI:10.1007/s40618-019-01047-0
31. Almutairi M, Al Batran R, Ussher JR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor action in the vasculature. Peptides. 2019;111:26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.002
32. Alicic RZ, Cox EJ, Neumiller JJ, Tuttle KR. Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:227-44. DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00367-2
33. Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(8):605-17. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30104-9
34. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):131-8. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31150-X
35. Zavattaro M, Caputo M, Samà MT, et al. One-year treatment with liraglutide improved renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective study. Endocrine. 2015;50(3):620-6. DOI:10.1007/s12020-014-0519-0
36. Davies MJ, Bain SC, Atkin SL, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Versus Placebo as Add-on to Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment (LIRA-RENAL): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):222-30. DOI:10.2337/dc14-2883
37. Mann JFE, Hansen T, Idorn T, et al. Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on kidney function and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-7 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(11):880-93. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30313-2
38. Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, Merrill P, et al. Renal outcomes in the EXenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL). Diabetes. 2018;6(Suppl. 1):522. DOI:10.2337/db18-522-P
39. van der Aart-van der Beek AB, Clegg LE, Penland RC, et al. Effect of once-weekly exenatide on estimated glomerular filtration rate slope depends on baseline renal risk: a post hoc analysis of the EXSCEL trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2493-8. DOI:10.1111/dom.14175
40. Monami M, Nardini C, Mannucci E. Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Glucose Co-Transport-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(5):457-66. DOI:10.1111/dom.12244
41. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-28. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
42. Wright AK, Carr MJ, Kontopantelis E, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Heart Failure Events With SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Their Combination in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(4):909-18. DOI:10.2337/dc21-1113
43. Gourdy P, Darmon P, Dievart F, et al. Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):79. DOI:10.1186/s12933-023-01798-4
44. Wang Y, Li L, Yang M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus insulin in inadequately controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2011;13(11):972-81. DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01436.x
45. Cimmaruta D, Maiorino M, Scavone C, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin-GLP-1 receptor agonists combination in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Exp Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(Suppl. 2):77‑83. DOI:10.1080/14740338.2016.1221402
2. Panjwani N, Mulvihill EE, Longuet C, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation indirectly reduces hepatic lipid accumulation but does not attenuate development of atherosclerosis in diabetic male ApoE(-/-) mice. Endocrinology. 2013;154(1):127-39. DOI:10.1210/en.2012-1937
3. Nauck MA, Meier JJ, Cavender MA, et al. Cardiovascular actions and clinical outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Circulation. 2017;136:849-70. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 117.028136
4. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
5. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375 (19):1834-44. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
6. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1519-29. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18) 32261-X
7. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121-30. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3
8. Gerstein HC, Sattar N, Rosenstock J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with efpeglenatide in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(10):896-907. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2108269
9. Bethel MA, Patel RA, Merrill P, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(2):105-13. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30412-6
10. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213- 8587(21)00203-5
11. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl. 1):S1-298.
12. Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(4):524-36. DOI:10.1111/dom.12849
13. Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4382-9. DOI:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7877
14. Raun K, von Voss P, Knudsen LB. Liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, minimizes food intake in severely obese minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1710-6. DOI:10.1038/oby.2007.204
15. Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:672. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00672
16. Vilsbøll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d7771
17. Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116-24. DOI:10.1111/dom.14451
18. Apovian CM, Bergenstal RM, Cuddihy RM, et al. Effects of exenatide combined with lifestyle modification in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Med.
2010;123(5):468.e9-e4.68E17. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.11.019
19. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1092-100. DOI:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092
20. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2628-35. DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628
21. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247-57. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1509225
22. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917
23. Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al. Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):500-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.10260
24. Margulies KB, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, et al. GLP-1 agonist therapy for advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for the functional impact of GLP-1 for heart failure treatment study. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(4):673-9. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.000346
25. Meier JJ, Rosenstock J, Hincelin-Méry A, et al. Contrasting Effects of Lixisenatide and Liraglutide on Postprandial Glycemic Control, Gastric Emptying, and Safety Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Optimized Insulin Glargine With or Without Metformin: A Randomized, Open-Label Trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):1263-73. DOI:10.2337/dc14-1984
26. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5
27. Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists for prevention of cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis including the REWIND and PIONEER 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(11):2576-80. DOI:10.1111/dom.13847
28. Giugliano D, Scappaticcio L, Longo M, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):189. DOI:10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8
29. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, De Nicola L, et al. Primary versus secondary cardiorenal prevention in type 2 diabetes: which newer antihyperglycaemic drug matters? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:149‑57. DOI:10.1111/dom.13881
30. Giugliano D, Chiodini P, Maiorino MI, et al. Cardiovascular outcome trials and major cardiovascular events: does glucose matter? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42:1165-9. DOI:10.1007/s40618-019-01047-0
31. Almutairi M, Al Batran R, Ussher JR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor action in the vasculature. Peptides. 2019;111:26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.002
32. Alicic RZ, Cox EJ, Neumiller JJ, Tuttle KR. Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:227-44. DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00367-2
33. Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(8):605-17. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30104-9
34. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):131-8. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31150-X
35. Zavattaro M, Caputo M, Samà MT, et al. One-year treatment with liraglutide improved renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective study. Endocrine. 2015;50(3):620-6. DOI:10.1007/s12020-014-0519-0
36. Davies MJ, Bain SC, Atkin SL, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Versus Placebo as Add-on to Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment (LIRA-RENAL): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):222-30. DOI:10.2337/dc14-2883
37. Mann JFE, Hansen T, Idorn T, et al. Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on kidney function and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-7 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(11):880-93. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30313-2
38. Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, Merrill P, et al. Renal outcomes in the EXenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL). Diabetes. 2018;6(Suppl. 1):522. DOI:10.2337/db18-522-P
39. van der Aart-van der Beek AB, Clegg LE, Penland RC, et al. Effect of once-weekly exenatide on estimated glomerular filtration rate slope depends on baseline renal risk: a post hoc analysis of the EXSCEL trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2493-8. DOI:10.1111/dom.14175
40. Monami M, Nardini C, Mannucci E. Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Glucose Co-Transport-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(5):457-66. DOI:10.1111/dom.12244
41. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-28. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
42. Wright AK, Carr MJ, Kontopantelis E, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Heart Failure Events With SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Their Combination in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(4):909-18. DOI:10.2337/dc21-1113
43. Gourdy P, Darmon P, Dievart F, et al. Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):79. DOI:10.1186/s12933-023-01798-4
44. Wang Y, Li L, Yang M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus insulin in inadequately controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2011;13(11):972-81. DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01436.x
45. Cimmaruta D, Maiorino M, Scavone C, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin-GLP-1 receptor agonists combination in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Exp Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(Suppl. 2):77‑83. DOI:10.1080/14740338.2016.1221402
________________________________________________
2. Panjwani N, Mulvihill EE, Longuet C, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation indirectly reduces hepatic lipid accumulation but does not attenuate development of atherosclerosis in diabetic male ApoE(-/-) mice. Endocrinology. 2013;154(1):127-39. DOI:10.1210/en.2012-1937
3. Nauck MA, Meier JJ, Cavender MA, et al. Cardiovascular actions and clinical outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Circulation. 2017;136:849-70. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 117.028136
4. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
5. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375 (19):1834-44. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
6. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1519-29. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18) 32261-X
7. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121-30. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3
8. Gerstein HC, Sattar N, Rosenstock J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with efpeglenatide in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(10):896-907. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2108269
9. Bethel MA, Patel RA, Merrill P, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(2):105-13. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30412-6
10. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213- 8587(21)00203-5
11. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl. 1):S1-298.
12. Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(4):524-36. DOI:10.1111/dom.12849
13. Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4382-9. DOI:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7877
14. Raun K, von Voss P, Knudsen LB. Liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, minimizes food intake in severely obese minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1710-6. DOI:10.1038/oby.2007.204
15. Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:672. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00672
16. Vilsbøll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d7771
17. Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116-24. DOI:10.1111/dom.14451
18. Apovian CM, Bergenstal RM, Cuddihy RM, et al. Effects of exenatide combined with lifestyle modification in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Med.
2010;123(5):468.e9-e4.68E17. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.11.019
19. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1092-100. DOI:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092
20. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2628-35. DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628
21. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247-57. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1509225
22. Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1228-39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917
23. Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al. Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):500-8. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.10260
24. Margulies KB, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, et al. GLP-1 agonist therapy for advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: design and rationale for the functional impact of GLP-1 for heart failure treatment study. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(4):673-9. DOI:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.000346
25. Meier JJ, Rosenstock J, Hincelin-Méry A, et al. Contrasting Effects of Lixisenatide and Liraglutide on Postprandial Glycemic Control, Gastric Emptying, and Safety Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Optimized Insulin Glargine With or Without Metformin: A Randomized, Open-Label Trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(7):1263-73. DOI:10.2337/dc14-1984
26. Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653-62. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5
27. Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists for prevention of cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis including the REWIND and PIONEER 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(11):2576-80. DOI:10.1111/dom.13847
28. Giugliano D, Scappaticcio L, Longo M, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):189. DOI:10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8
29. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, De Nicola L, et al. Primary versus secondary cardiorenal prevention in type 2 diabetes: which newer antihyperglycaemic drug matters? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:149‑57. DOI:10.1111/dom.13881
30. Giugliano D, Chiodini P, Maiorino MI, et al. Cardiovascular outcome trials and major cardiovascular events: does glucose matter? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019;42:1165-9. DOI:10.1007/s40618-019-01047-0
31. Almutairi M, Al Batran R, Ussher JR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor action in the vasculature. Peptides. 2019;111:26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.002
32. Alicic RZ, Cox EJ, Neumiller JJ, Tuttle KR. Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:227-44. DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00367-2
33. Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(8):605-17. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30104-9
34. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):131-8. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31150-X
35. Zavattaro M, Caputo M, Samà MT, et al. One-year treatment with liraglutide improved renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective study. Endocrine. 2015;50(3):620-6. DOI:10.1007/s12020-014-0519-0
36. Davies MJ, Bain SC, Atkin SL, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Versus Placebo as Add-on to Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment (LIRA-RENAL): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):222-30. DOI:10.2337/dc14-2883
37. Mann JFE, Hansen T, Idorn T, et al. Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on kidney function and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-7 randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(11):880-93. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30313-2
38. Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, Merrill P, et al. Renal outcomes in the EXenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL). Diabetes. 2018;6(Suppl. 1):522. DOI:10.2337/db18-522-P
39. van der Aart-van der Beek AB, Clegg LE, Penland RC, et al. Effect of once-weekly exenatide on estimated glomerular filtration rate slope depends on baseline renal risk: a post hoc analysis of the EXSCEL trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(12):2493-8. DOI:10.1111/dom.14175
40. Monami M, Nardini C, Mannucci E. Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Glucose Co-Transport-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(5):457-66. DOI:10.1111/dom.12244
41. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-28. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
42. Wright AK, Carr MJ, Kontopantelis E, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Heart Failure Events With SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Their Combination in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(4):909-18. DOI:10.2337/dc21-1113
43. Gourdy P, Darmon P, Dievart F, et al. Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):79. DOI:10.1186/s12933-023-01798-4
44. Wang Y, Li L, Yang M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus insulin in inadequately controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2011;13(11):972-81. DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01436.x
45. Cimmaruta D, Maiorino M, Scavone C, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin-GLP-1 receptor agonists combination in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Exp Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(Suppl. 2):77‑83. DOI:10.1080/14740338.2016.1221402
Авторы
Т.Ю. Демидова, В.В. Титова*, М.Я. Измайлова
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*meteora-vica@mail.ru
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*meteora-vica@mail.ru
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*meteora-vica@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*meteora-vica@mail.ru
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