Воспалительные заболевания кишечника: трансформация представлений

Маев И.В., Бакулин И.Г., Скалинская М.И., Сказываева Е.В. Воспалительные заболевания кишечника: трансформация представлений. Терапевтический архив. 2023;95(12):1064–1074.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.12.202507

© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.

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Maev IV, Bakulin IG, Skalinskaya MI, Skazyvaeva EV. Inflammatory bowel diseases: Transformation of representations. A review. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2023;95(12):1064–1074.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.12.202507

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Аннотация

Глобальное бремя воспалительных заболеваний кишечника (ВЗК) значительно и продолжает расти в связи повышением распространенности язвенного колита (ЯК) и болезни Крона (БК), с увеличением затрат на диагностику и лечение, а также из-за высокого уровня инвалидизации, что обусловливает поиск факторов риска и предикторов агрессивного течения, развития внекишечных проявлений (ВКП). По последним данным, распространенность ЯК в России составляет 16,6 на 100 тыс. населения, ежегодный регистрируемый прирост – 11,3%, распространенность БК – 5,6 на 100 тыс. населения, а прирост – 13,7%. В российской популяции пациентов с ВЗК средний возраст дебюта заболевания составляет 35,3 года для ЯК и 31,2 года – для БК. При этом у 89,3% пациентов с ЯК для верификации диагноза потребовался период не менее 2 лет, а при БК в течение 2 лет от момента начала клинических симптомов диагноз установлен только у 72,6% пациентов. Одна из доминирующих характеристик ВЗК – их мультисистемность, что приводит к развитию ВКП, которые могут отмечаться у 50–60% больных, причем до 25% пациентов с ВЗК имеют несколько ВКП, и наиболее частыми вариантами являются поражения суставов. Бόльшая частота ВКП отмечается при БК (до 45% пациентов), у пациентов женского пола, курильщиков и при большей продолжительности заболевания. Для прогноза клинической ремиссии имеют значение уровень фекального кальпротектина и C-реактивного белка, потребность в глюкокортикостероидах, для прогноза эндоскопической ремиссии – уровень фекального кальпротектина, а для прогноза гистологической ремиссии имеет значение эндоскопический индекса Шредера ≤1 баллу. Абсолютный риск развития колоректального рака при ВЗК остается относительно низким, составляя от 1,1 до 5,4% через 20 лет заболевания. Основными факторами риска при ВЗК считаются тотальное поражение кишки, высокая активность воспаления, стриктурирующий фенотип БК и наличие первичного склерозирующего холангита.

Ключевые слова: воспалительные заболевания кишечника, болезнь Крона, язвенный колит, эпидемиология, осложнения, факторы риска, внекишечные проявления, прогноз

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The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is currently significant and continues to grow due to the increasing prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), the increasing costs of diagnosis and treatment, and the high level of disability in patients with this disease. Categories, which leads to the search for risk factors and predictors of aggressive course and extraintestinal manifestations. According to the latest data, the prevalence of UC in Russia is 16.6 per 100 000 population, the annual registered increase is 11.3%; the prevalence of CD is 5.6 per 100 000 population, and the increase is 13.7%. In the Russian population of patients with IBD, the average age of disease onset is 35.3 years for UC and 31.2 years for CD. Moreover, in 89.3% of patients with UC, it took at least 2 years to verify the diagnosis, and in CD, within 2 years from the onset of clinical symptoms, the diagnosis was established in only 72.6% of patients. One of the dominant characteristics of IBD is its multisystem nature, which leads to the development of extraintestinal manifestations (ECM), which can be observed in 50–60% of patients, while up to 25% of patients with IBD have several EMC and the most common variants are joint lesions. A higher frequency of extraintestinal manifestations is observed in CD (up to 45% of patients), in female patients, in smokers and with a longer duration of the disease. To predict clinical remission, the level of fecal calprotectin and CRP, the need for glucocorticosteroids are important, to predict endoscopic remission – the level of fecal calprotectin, and to predict histological remission, an endoscopic Schroeder index value of ≤1 is important. The absolute risk of developing colorectal cancer in IBD remains relatively low, ranging from 1.1 to 5.4% after 20 years of disease. The main risk factors for IBD are total intestinal damage, high inflammatory activity, the stricturing phenotype of CD and the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Keywords: inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, epidemiology, complications, risk factors, extraintestinal manifestations, prognosis

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Авторы

И.В. Маев*¹, И.Г. Бакулин², М.И. Скалинская², Е.В. Сказываева²

¹ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
²ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
*igormaev@rambler.ru

________________________________________________

Igor V. Maev*¹, Igor G. Bakulin², Maria I. Skalinskaya², Ekaterina V. Skazyvaeva²

¹Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia;
²Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
*igormaev@rambler.ru

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