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Ультразвуковые исследования с контрастированием: история, применение в практике и перспективы
Миронова О.Ю., Исайкина М.А., Исаев Г.О., Бердышева М.В., Фомин В.В. Ультразвуковые исследования с контрастированием: история, применение в практике и перспективы. Терапевтический архив. 2023;95(4):354–358. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.04.202157
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
________________________________________________
Mironova OIu, Isaikina MA, Isaev GO, Berdysheva MV, Fomin VV. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: history, application and perspectives. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2023;95(4):354–358.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.04.202157
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
В статье обсуждаются этапы становления и развития ультразвуковой диагностики, в том числе с контрастным усилением. Изложены основные принципы усиления, виды контрастных препаратов. Приведены примеры использования контрастно-усиленного ультразвукового исследования в разных областях медицины. Обсуждены перспективы метода и его место в клинической практике.
Ключевые слова: история медицины, ультразвуковое исследование, ультразвуковое исследование с контрастным усилением, эхокардиография, контрастные препараты
Ключевые слова: история медицины, ультразвуковое исследование, ультразвуковое исследование с контрастным усилением, эхокардиография, контрастные препараты
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The article discusses the stages of formation and development of ultrasound diagnostics, including those with contrast enhancement. The main types of contrast agents and their mechanism of action are presented. Examples of the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in various fields of medicine are given. The prospects of the method and its place in clinical practice are discussed.
Keywords: medical history, ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, echocardiography, contrast agents
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Wiener WR, Lausen GD. Audition for the Traveler Who Is Visually Impaired. In: Eds. BB Blasch, WR Wiener, RL Welsch. Foundations of Orientation and Mobility. New York: AFB Press, 1997; p. 146.
2. Marinesco N, Trillat JJ. Action des ultrasons sur les plaques photographique. C R Acad Sci. 1933;196:858-60.
3. Marinesco N. Propriétés piézo-chimiques, physiques et biophysiques des ultrasons. I et II. Actualités scientifiques et industrielles. 522 & 523. Paris: Hermann, 1937.
4. Dussik K. Über die Möglichkeit hochfrequente mechanische Schwingungen als diagnostiches Hilfsmittel zi verwenden. Z Neur. 1942;174:153.
5. Dussik K. Ultraschallanwendung in der Diagnostik und Therapie des Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensus-sytems. Ultrasch in der Med. 1949;1:283.
6. Howry DH, Bliss WR. Ultrasonic visualization of soft tissue structures of the body. J Lab Clin Med. 1952;40:579-92.
7. Strandness DE Jr., McCutcheon EP, Rushmer RF. Application of a transcutaneous Doppler flowmeter in evaluation of occlusive arterial disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966;122(5):1039-45.
8. Leksell L. Echoencephalography I. Detection of intracranial complications following head injury. Acta Chir Scandinav. 1955;110:301.
9. Edler I, Hertz CH. The use of ultrasonic reflectoscope for the continuous recording of movements of heart walls. Kungl Fysiogr Sällsk i Lund firhandl. 1954;24:5.
10. Satomura S. Ultrasonic Doppler Method for the Inspection of Cardiac Functions. J Acoust Soc Am. 1957;29(11):1181-5. DOI:10.1121/1.1908737
11. Kasai C, Namekawa K, Koyano A, Omoto R. Real-Time Two-Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique. IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics. 1985;32(3):458-64. DOI:10.1109/T-SU.1985.31615
12. Gramiak R, Shah P. Echocardiography of the aortic root. Invest Radiol. 1968;3:356-66.
13. Enhancing the Role of Ultrasound with Contrast Agents. Ed. R Lencioni. Springer, 2006; p. 262.
14. Feinstein SB, Shah PM, Bing RJ, et al. Microbubble dynamics visualized in the intact capillary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4(3):595-600. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(84)80107-2
15. Schürmann R, Schlief R. Saccharide-based contrast agents. Characteristics and diagnostic potential. Radiol Med. 1994;87(5 Suppl. 1):15-23.
16. Kalantarinia K, Okusa MD. Ultrasound contrast agents in the study of kidney function in health and disease. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2007;4(3):153-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2007.10.006
17. Qin S, Caskey CF, Ferrara KW. Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: physical principles and engineering. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(6):R27-57.
DOI:10.1088/0031-9155/54/6/R01
18. Wei K, Mulvagh SL, Carson L, et al. The safety of deFinity and Optison for ultrasound image enhancement: a retrospective analysis of 78,383 administered contrast doses. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(11):1202-6. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2008.07.019
19. Lindner JR. Contrast echocardiography: current status and future directions. Heart. 2021;107(1):18-24. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316662
20. Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, et al. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(3):241-74. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013
21. Levey AS, Cattran D, Friedman A, et al. Proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in CKD: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(2):205-26. DOI:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.029
22. Jeong S, Park SB, Kim SH, et al. Clinical significance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. J Ultrasound. 2019;22(4):453-60.
DOI:10.1007/s40477-019-00409-x
23. Wang L, Xia P, Lv K, et al. Assessment of renal tissue elasticity by acoustic radiation force impulse quantification with histopathological correlation: preliminary experience in chronic kidney disease. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(7):1694-9. DOI:10.1007/s00330-014-3162-5
24. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall Med. 2013;34(1):11-29. DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1325499
25. Erlichman DB, Weiss A, Koenigsberg M, Stein MW. Contrast enhanced ultrasound: A review of radiology applications. Clin Imaging. 2020;60(2):209-15. DOI:10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.12.013
26. Bansal M, Kasliwal RR. Echocardiography for left atrial appendage structure and function. Indian Heart J. 2012;64(5):469-75. DOI:10.1016/j.ihj.2012.07.020
27. Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(4):638-45.
DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01778-8
28. Hoffmann R, Barletta G, von Bardeleben S, et al. Analysis of left ventricular volumes and function: a multicenter comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cine ventriculography, and unenhanced and contrast-enhanced two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(3):292-301. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2013.12.005
29. Kurt M, Shaikh KA, Peterson L, et al. Impact of contrast echocardiography on evaluation of ventricular function and clinical management in a large prospective cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(9):802-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.005
30. Ogbogu PU, Rosing DR, Horne MK 3rd. Cardiovascular manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007;27(3):457-75. DOI:10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.001
31. Vos HJ, Voorneveld JD, Groot Jebbink E, et al. Contrast-Enhanced High-Frame-Rate Ultrasound Imaging of Flow Patterns in Cardiac Chambers and Deep Vessels. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46(11):2875-90. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.022
32. Frinking P, Segers T, Luan Y, Tranquart F. Three Decades of Ultrasound Contrast Agents: A Review of the Past, Present and Future Improvements. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46(4):892-908. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.12.008
33. Nittayacharn P, Yuan HX, Hernandez C, et al. Enhancing Tumor Drug Distribution With Ultrasound-Triggered Nanobubbles. J Pharm Sci. 2019;108(9):3091-8. DOI:10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.004
34. Chong WK, Papadopoulou V, Dayton PA. Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: current status and future. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(4):762-72.
DOI:10.1007/s00261-018-1516-1
2. Marinesco N, Trillat JJ. Action des ultrasons sur les plaques photographique. C R Acad Sci. 1933;196:858-60.
3. Marinesco N. Propriétés piézo-chimiques, physiques et biophysiques des ultrasons. I et II. Actualités scientifiques et industrielles. 522 & 523. Paris: Hermann, 1937.
4. Dussik K. Über die Möglichkeit hochfrequente mechanische Schwingungen als diagnostiches Hilfsmittel zi verwenden. Z Neur. 1942;174:153.
5. Dussik K. Ultraschallanwendung in der Diagnostik und Therapie des Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensus-sytems. Ultrasch in der Med. 1949;1:283.
6. Howry DH, Bliss WR. Ultrasonic visualization of soft tissue structures of the body. J Lab Clin Med. 1952;40:579-92.
7. Strandness DE Jr., McCutcheon EP, Rushmer RF. Application of a transcutaneous Doppler flowmeter in evaluation of occlusive arterial disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966;122(5):1039-45.
8. Leksell L. Echoencephalography I. Detection of intracranial complications following head injury. Acta Chir Scandinav. 1955;110:301.
9. Edler I, Hertz CH. The use of ultrasonic reflectoscope for the continuous recording of movements of heart walls. Kungl Fysiogr Sällsk i Lund firhandl. 1954;24:5.
10. Satomura S. Ultrasonic Doppler Method for the Inspection of Cardiac Functions. J Acoust Soc Am. 1957;29(11):1181-5. DOI:10.1121/1.1908737
11. Kasai C, Namekawa K, Koyano A, Omoto R. Real-Time Two-Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique. IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics. 1985;32(3):458-64. DOI:10.1109/T-SU.1985.31615
12. Gramiak R, Shah P. Echocardiography of the aortic root. Invest Radiol. 1968;3:356-66.
13. Enhancing the Role of Ultrasound with Contrast Agents. Ed. R Lencioni. Springer, 2006; p. 262.
14. Feinstein SB, Shah PM, Bing RJ, et al. Microbubble dynamics visualized in the intact capillary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4(3):595-600. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(84)80107-2
15. Schürmann R, Schlief R. Saccharide-based contrast agents. Characteristics and diagnostic potential. Radiol Med. 1994;87(5 Suppl. 1):15-23.
16. Kalantarinia K, Okusa MD. Ultrasound contrast agents in the study of kidney function in health and disease. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2007;4(3):153-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2007.10.006
17. Qin S, Caskey CF, Ferrara KW. Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: physical principles and engineering. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(6):R27-57.
DOI:10.1088/0031-9155/54/6/R01
18. Wei K, Mulvagh SL, Carson L, et al. The safety of deFinity and Optison for ultrasound image enhancement: a retrospective analysis of 78,383 administered contrast doses. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(11):1202-6. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2008.07.019
19. Lindner JR. Contrast echocardiography: current status and future directions. Heart. 2021;107(1):18-24. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316662
20. Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, et al. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(3):241-74. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013
21. Levey AS, Cattran D, Friedman A, et al. Proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in CKD: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(2):205-26. DOI:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.029
22. Jeong S, Park SB, Kim SH, et al. Clinical significance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. J Ultrasound. 2019;22(4):453-60.
DOI:10.1007/s40477-019-00409-x
23. Wang L, Xia P, Lv K, et al. Assessment of renal tissue elasticity by acoustic radiation force impulse quantification with histopathological correlation: preliminary experience in chronic kidney disease. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(7):1694-9. DOI:10.1007/s00330-014-3162-5
24. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall Med. 2013;34(1):11-29. DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1325499
25. Erlichman DB, Weiss A, Koenigsberg M, Stein MW. Contrast enhanced ultrasound: A review of radiology applications. Clin Imaging. 2020;60(2):209-15. DOI:10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.12.013
26. Bansal M, Kasliwal RR. Echocardiography for left atrial appendage structure and function. Indian Heart J. 2012;64(5):469-75. DOI:10.1016/j.ihj.2012.07.020
27. Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(4):638-45.
DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01778-8
28. Hoffmann R, Barletta G, von Bardeleben S, et al. Analysis of left ventricular volumes and function: a multicenter comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cine ventriculography, and unenhanced and contrast-enhanced two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(3):292-301. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2013.12.005
29. Kurt M, Shaikh KA, Peterson L, et al. Impact of contrast echocardiography on evaluation of ventricular function and clinical management in a large prospective cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(9):802-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.005
30. Ogbogu PU, Rosing DR, Horne MK 3rd. Cardiovascular manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007;27(3):457-75. DOI:10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.001
31. Vos HJ, Voorneveld JD, Groot Jebbink E, et al. Contrast-Enhanced High-Frame-Rate Ultrasound Imaging of Flow Patterns in Cardiac Chambers and Deep Vessels. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46(11):2875-90. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.022
32. Frinking P, Segers T, Luan Y, Tranquart F. Three Decades of Ultrasound Contrast Agents: A Review of the Past, Present and Future Improvements. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46(4):892-908. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.12.008
33. Nittayacharn P, Yuan HX, Hernandez C, et al. Enhancing Tumor Drug Distribution With Ultrasound-Triggered Nanobubbles. J Pharm Sci. 2019;108(9):3091-8. DOI:10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.004
34. Chong WK, Papadopoulou V, Dayton PA. Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: current status and future. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(4):762-72.
DOI:10.1007/s00261-018-1516-1
________________________________________________
1. Wiener WR, Lausen GD. Audition for the Traveler Who Is Visually Impaired. In: Eds. BB Blasch, WR Wiener, RL Welsch. Foundations of Orientation and Mobility. New York: AFB Press, 1997; p. 146.
2. Marinesco N, Trillat JJ. Action des ultrasons sur les plaques photographique. C R Acad Sci. 1933;196:858-60.
3. Marinesco N. Propriétés piézo-chimiques, physiques et biophysiques des ultrasons. I et II. Actualités scientifiques et industrielles. 522 & 523. Paris: Hermann, 1937.
4. Dussik K. Über die Möglichkeit hochfrequente mechanische Schwingungen als diagnostiches Hilfsmittel zi verwenden. Z Neur. 1942;174:153.
5. Dussik K. Ultraschallanwendung in der Diagnostik und Therapie des Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensus-sytems. Ultrasch in der Med. 1949;1:283.
6. Howry DH, Bliss WR. Ultrasonic visualization of soft tissue structures of the body. J Lab Clin Med. 1952;40:579-92.
7. Strandness DE Jr., McCutcheon EP, Rushmer RF. Application of a transcutaneous Doppler flowmeter in evaluation of occlusive arterial disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966;122(5):1039-45.
8. Leksell L. Echoencephalography I. Detection of intracranial complications following head injury. Acta Chir Scandinav. 1955;110:301.
9. Edler I, Hertz CH. The use of ultrasonic reflectoscope for the continuous recording of movements of heart walls. Kungl Fysiogr Sällsk i Lund firhandl. 1954;24:5.
10. Satomura S. Ultrasonic Doppler Method for the Inspection of Cardiac Functions. J Acoust Soc Am. 1957;29(11):1181-5. DOI:10.1121/1.1908737
11. Kasai C, Namekawa K, Koyano A, Omoto R. Real-Time Two-Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique. IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics. 1985;32(3):458-64. DOI:10.1109/T-SU.1985.31615
12. Gramiak R, Shah P. Echocardiography of the aortic root. Invest Radiol. 1968;3:356-66.
13. Enhancing the Role of Ultrasound with Contrast Agents. Ed. R Lencioni. Springer, 2006; p. 262.
14. Feinstein SB, Shah PM, Bing RJ, et al. Microbubble dynamics visualized in the intact capillary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4(3):595-600. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(84)80107-2
15. Schürmann R, Schlief R. Saccharide-based contrast agents. Characteristics and diagnostic potential. Radiol Med. 1994;87(5 Suppl. 1):15-23.
16. Kalantarinia K, Okusa MD. Ultrasound contrast agents in the study of kidney function in health and disease. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2007;4(3):153-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2007.10.006
17. Qin S, Caskey CF, Ferrara KW. Ultrasound contrast microbubbles in imaging and therapy: physical principles and engineering. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(6):R27-57.
DOI:10.1088/0031-9155/54/6/R01
18. Wei K, Mulvagh SL, Carson L, et al. The safety of deFinity and Optison for ultrasound image enhancement: a retrospective analysis of 78,383 administered contrast doses. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(11):1202-6. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2008.07.019
19. Lindner JR. Contrast echocardiography: current status and future directions. Heart. 2021;107(1):18-24. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316662
20. Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, et al. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(3):241-74. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013
21. Levey AS, Cattran D, Friedman A, et al. Proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in CKD: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation and the US Food and Drug Administration. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(2):205-26. DOI:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.029
22. Jeong S, Park SB, Kim SH, et al. Clinical significance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. J Ultrasound. 2019;22(4):453-60.
DOI:10.1007/s40477-019-00409-x
23. Wang L, Xia P, Lv K, et al. Assessment of renal tissue elasticity by acoustic radiation force impulse quantification with histopathological correlation: preliminary experience in chronic kidney disease. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(7):1694-9. DOI:10.1007/s00330-014-3162-5
24. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall Med. 2013;34(1):11-29. DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1325499
25. Erlichman DB, Weiss A, Koenigsberg M, Stein MW. Contrast enhanced ultrasound: A review of radiology applications. Clin Imaging. 2020;60(2):209-15. DOI:10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.12.013
26. Bansal M, Kasliwal RR. Echocardiography for left atrial appendage structure and function. Indian Heart J. 2012;64(5):469-75. DOI:10.1016/j.ihj.2012.07.020
27. Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(4):638-45.
DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01778-8
28. Hoffmann R, Barletta G, von Bardeleben S, et al. Analysis of left ventricular volumes and function: a multicenter comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cine ventriculography, and unenhanced and contrast-enhanced two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(3):292-301. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2013.12.005
29. Kurt M, Shaikh KA, Peterson L, et al. Impact of contrast echocardiography on evaluation of ventricular function and clinical management in a large prospective cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(9):802-10. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.005
30. Ogbogu PU, Rosing DR, Horne MK 3rd. Cardiovascular manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007;27(3):457-75. DOI:10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.001
31. Vos HJ, Voorneveld JD, Groot Jebbink E, et al. Contrast-Enhanced High-Frame-Rate Ultrasound Imaging of Flow Patterns in Cardiac Chambers and Deep Vessels. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46(11):2875-90. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.022
32. Frinking P, Segers T, Luan Y, Tranquart F. Three Decades of Ultrasound Contrast Agents: A Review of the Past, Present and Future Improvements. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46(4):892-908. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.12.008
33. Nittayacharn P, Yuan HX, Hernandez C, et al. Enhancing Tumor Drug Distribution With Ultrasound-Triggered Nanobubbles. J Pharm Sci. 2019;108(9):3091-8. DOI:10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.004
34. Chong WK, Papadopoulou V, Dayton PA. Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: current status and future. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(4):762-72.
DOI:10.1007/s00261-018-1516-1
Авторы
О.Ю. Миронова*, М.А. Исайкина, Г.О. Исаев, М.В. Бердышева, В.В. Фомин
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*mironova_o_yu@staff.sechenov.ru
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*mironova_o_yu@staff.sechenov.ru
________________________________________________
Olga Iu. Mironova*, Maria A. Isaikina, Georgy O. Isaev, Maria V. Berdysheva, Victor V. Fomin
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*mironova_o_yu@staff.sechenov.ru
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