1. Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., Рунихина Н.К., и др. Клинические рекомендации «Старческая астения». Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2020;1:11-46 [Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runihina NK, et al. Clinical guidelines on frailty. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;1:11-46 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46
2. Kooman J, Kotanko P, Schols A, et al. Chronic kidney disease and premature ageing. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:732-42. DOI:10.1038/nrneph.2014.185
3. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158765. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158765
4. Смирнов А.В., Каюков И.Г., Есаян А.М., и др. Превентивный подход в современной нефрологии. Нефрология. 2004;8(3):7-14 [Smirnov AV, Kaiukov IG, Esaian AM, et al. Preventive approach in nephrology. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2004;8(3):7-14 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.24884/1561-6274-2004-8-3-7-14 
5. Бикбов Б.Т., Томилина Н.А. Состояние заместительной терапии больных с хронической почечной недостаточностью в Российской Федерации в 1998–2007 гг. (Аналитический отчет по данным Российского регистра заместительной почечной терапии). Нефрология и диализ. 2009;11(3):144-233 [Bikbov BT, Tomilina NA. Status of substitution therapy for patients with chronic kidney failure in the Russian Federation in 1998–2007 (Analytical report on data from the Russian Register of Substitution Renal Therapy). Nefrologija i dializ. 2009;11(3):144-233 (in Russian)].
6. Blumberg Benyamini S, Katzir Z, Biro A, et al. Nutrition assessment and risk prediction in dialysis patients – a new integrative score. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(6):401-10. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2014.05.001 
7. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol: Series A. 2001;56(3):M146-56. DOI:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
8. Rockwood K, Song X, Mac Knight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489-95. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.050051
9. Chowdhury R, Peel NM, Krosch M, Hubbard RE. Frailty and chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;68:135‑42. DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2016.10.007
10. Goto NA, van Loon IN, Boereboom FTJ, et al. Association of Initiation of Maintenance Dialysis with Functional Status and Caregiver Burden. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14:1039-47. DOI:10.2215/CJN.13131118
11. Painter P, Kuskowski M. A closer look at frailty in ESRD: getting the measure right. Hemodial Int. 2013;17(1):41-9. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00719.x
12. Kennard A, Glasgow N, Rainsford S, Talaulikar G. Frailty in chronic kidney disease: challenges in nephrology practice. A review of current literature. Intern Med J. 2023;53(4):465-72. DOI:10.1111/imj.15759
13. Drost D, Kalf A, Vogtlander N, van Munster BC. High prevalence of frailty in end-stage renal disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48:1357-62. DOI:10.1007/s11255-016-1306-z 
14. Nixon AC, Bampouras TM, Pendleton N, et al. Frailty and chronic kidney disease: current evidence and continuing uncertainties. Clin Kidney J. 2018;11(2):236-45. DOI:10.1093/ckj/sfx134 
15. Walker SR, Gill K, Macdonald K, et al. Association of frailty and physical function in patients with non-dialysis CKD: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:228. DOI:10.1186/1471-2369-14-228
16. Johansen KL, Dalrymple LS, Delgado C, et al. Factors Associated with Frailty and Its Trajectory among Patients on Hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1100-8. DOI:10.2215/CJN.12131116
17. Worthen G, Tennankore K. Frailty Screening in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Perspectives. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2019;12:229‑39. DOI:10.2147/IJNRD.S228956 
18. Basile C, Casino FG, Aucella F. Incremental hemodialysis, a valuable option for the frail elderly patient. J Nephrol. 2019;32:741-50. DOI:10.1007/s40620-019-00611-4
19. Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Rocco MV, et al. Effect of frequent hemodialysis on residual kidney function. Kidney Int. 2013;83:949-58. DOI:10.1038/ki.2012.457
20. Gandolfini I, Regolisti G, Bazzocchi A, et al. Frailty and Sarcopenia in Older Patients Receiving Kidney Transplantation. Front Nutr. 2019;6:169. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2019.00169
21. Beddhu S, Baird BC, Zitterkoph J, et al. Physical activity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (NHANES III). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(12):1901-6. DOI:10.2215/CJN.01970309
22. Roshanravan B, Robinson-Cohen C, Patel KV, et al. Association between physical performance and all-cause mortality in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(5):822-30. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2012070702
23. Kim JC, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Frailty and protein-energy wasting in elderly patients with end stage kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(3):337-51. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2012010047
24. Majchrzak KM, Pupim LB, Sundell M, Ikizler TA. Body composition and physical activity in end-stage renal disease. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(3):196‑204. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2007.01.003
25. Kutsuna T, Matsunaga A, Matsumoto T, et al. Physical activity is necessary to prevent deterioration of the walking ability of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. 2010;14(2):193-200. DOI:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00750.x
26. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P, Cuppari L, et al. Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(2):77-90. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.01.001
27. Ritter CS, Slatopolsky E. Phosphate Toxicity in CKD: The Killer among Us. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1088-100. DOI:10.2215/CJN.11901115
28. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H, et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013;84(6):1096-107. DOI:10.1038/ki.2013.147
29. Cheu C, Pearson J, Dahlerus C, et al. Association between oral nutritional supplementation and clinical outcomes among patients with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(1):100-7. DOI:10.2215/CJN.13091211 
30. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P. Inflammation in end-stage renal disease – what have we learned in 10 years? Semin Dial. 2010;23(5):498-509. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00784.x
31. Wang XH, Mitch WE. Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(9):504-16. DOI:10.1038/nrneph.2014.112
32. Hu Z, Wang H, Lee IH, et al. Endogenous glucocorticoids and impaired insulin signaling are both required to stimulate muscle wasting under pathophysiological conditions in mice. J Clin Investig. 2009;119(10):3059-69. DOI:10.1172/JCI38770
33. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, et al. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(6):991-1001. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x 
34. Wu PY, Chao CT, Chan DC, et al. Contributors, risk associates, and complications of frailty in patients with chronic kidney disease: a scoping review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 20195;10:2040622319880382. DOI:10.1177/2040622319880382
35. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Salter ML, et al. Frailty as a novel predictor of mortality and hospitalization in individuals of all ages undergoing hemodialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(6):896-901. DOI:10.1111/jgs.12266
36. Alfaadhel TA, Soroka SD, Kiberd BA, et al. Frailty and mortality in dialysis: evaluation of a clinical frailty scale. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:832-40. DOI:10.2215/CJN.07760814
37. Garcia-Canton C, Rodenas A, Lopez-Aperador C, et al. Frailty in hemodialysis and prediction of poor short-term outcome: mortality, hospitalization and visits to hospital emergency services. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):567-75. DOI:10.1080/0886022X.2019.1628061
38. Delgado C, Shieh S, Grimes B, et al. Association of Self-Reported Frailty with Falls and Fractures among Patients New to Dialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42(2):134-40. DOI:10.1159/000439000
39. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Suresh S, Law A, et al. Frailty and falls among adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:224. DOI:10.1186/1471-2369-14-224
40. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Salter ML, et al. Frailty and early hospital readmission after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(8):2091-5. DOI:10.1111/ajt.12300
41. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Tan J, et al. Frailty, mycophenolate reduction, and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2015;99(4):805-10. DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000000444
42. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Olorundare IO, Ying H, et al. Frailty and Postkidney Transplant Health-Related Quality of Life. Transplantation. 2018;102(2):291-9. DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000001943
43. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Isaacs K, Darko L, et al. Changes in Frailty After Kidney Transplantation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(10):2152-7. DOI:10.1111/jgs.13657

________________________________________________

1. Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runihina NK, et al. Clinical guidelines on frailty. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;1:11-46 (in Russian). 
DOI:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46
2. Kooman J, Kotanko P, Schols A, et al. Chronic kidney disease and premature ageing. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:732-42. DOI:10.1038/nrneph.2014.185
3. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158765. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158765
4. Smirnov AV, Kaiukov IG, Esaian AM, et al. Preventive approach in nephrology. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2004;8(3):7-14 (in Russian). DOI:10.24884/1561-6274-2004-8-3-7-14 
5. Bikbov BT, Tomilina NA. Status of substitution therapy for patients with chronic kidney failure in the Russian Federation in 1998–2007 (Analytical report on data from the Russian Register of Substitution Renal Therapy). Nefrologija i dializ. 2009;11(3):144-233 (in Russian).
6. Blumberg Benyamini S, Katzir Z, Biro A, et al. Nutrition assessment and risk prediction in dialysis patients – a new integrative score. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(6):401-10. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2014.05.001 
7. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol: Series A. 2001;56(3):M146-56. DOI:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
8. Rockwood K, Song X, Mac Knight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489-95. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.050051
9. Chowdhury R, Peel NM, Krosch M, Hubbard RE. Frailty and chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;68:135‑42. DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2016.10.007
10. Goto NA, van Loon IN, Boereboom FTJ, et al. Association of Initiation of Maintenance Dialysis with Functional Status and Caregiver Burden. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14:1039-47. DOI:10.2215/CJN.13131118
11. Painter P, Kuskowski M. A closer look at frailty in ESRD: getting the measure right. Hemodial Int. 2013;17(1):41-9. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00719.x
12. Kennard A, Glasgow N, Rainsford S, Talaulikar G. Frailty in chronic kidney disease: challenges in nephrology practice. A review of current literature. Intern Med J. 2023;53(4):465-72. DOI:10.1111/imj.15759
13. Drost D, Kalf A, Vogtlander N, van Munster BC. High prevalence of frailty in end-stage renal disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48:1357-62. DOI:10.1007/s11255-016-1306-z 
14. Nixon AC, Bampouras TM, Pendleton N, et al. Frailty and chronic kidney disease: current evidence and continuing uncertainties. Clin Kidney J. 2018;11(2):236-45. DOI:10.1093/ckj/sfx134 
15. Walker SR, Gill K, Macdonald K, et al. Association of frailty and physical function in patients with non-dialysis CKD: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:228. DOI:10.1186/1471-2369-14-228
16. Johansen KL, Dalrymple LS, Delgado C, et al. Factors Associated with Frailty and Its Trajectory among Patients on Hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1100-8. DOI:10.2215/CJN.12131116
17. Worthen G, Tennankore K. Frailty Screening in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Perspectives. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2019;12:229‑39. DOI:10.2147/IJNRD.S228956 
18. Basile C, Casino FG, Aucella F. Incremental hemodialysis, a valuable option for the frail elderly patient. J Nephrol. 2019;32:741-50. DOI:10.1007/s40620-019-00611-4
19. Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Rocco MV, et al. Effect of frequent hemodialysis on residual kidney function. Kidney Int. 2013;83:949-58. DOI:10.1038/ki.2012.457
20. Gandolfini I, Regolisti G, Bazzocchi A, et al. Frailty and Sarcopenia in Older Patients Receiving Kidney Transplantation. Front Nutr. 2019;6:169. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2019.00169
21. Beddhu S, Baird BC, Zitterkoph J, et al. Physical activity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (NHANES III). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(12):1901-6. DOI:10.2215/CJN.01970309
22. Roshanravan B, Robinson-Cohen C, Patel KV, et al. Association between physical performance and all-cause mortality in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(5):822-30. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2012070702
23. Kim JC, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Frailty and protein-energy wasting in elderly patients with end stage kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(3):337-51. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2012010047
24. Majchrzak KM, Pupim LB, Sundell M, Ikizler TA. Body composition and physical activity in end-stage renal disease. J Ren Nutr. 2007;17(3):196‑204. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2007.01.003
25. Kutsuna T, Matsunaga A, Matsumoto T, et al. Physical activity is necessary to prevent deterioration of the walking ability of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. 2010;14(2):193-200. DOI:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00750.x
26. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P, Cuppari L, et al. Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). J Ren Nutr. 2013;23(2):77-90. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.01.001
27. Ritter CS, Slatopolsky E. Phosphate Toxicity in CKD: The Killer among Us. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1088-100. DOI:10.2215/CJN.11901115
28. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H, et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013;84(6):1096-107. DOI:10.1038/ki.2013.147
29. Cheu C, Pearson J, Dahlerus C, et al. Association between oral nutritional supplementation and clinical outcomes among patients with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(1):100-7. DOI:10.2215/CJN.13091211 
30. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P. Inflammation in end-stage renal disease – what have we learned in 10 years? Semin Dial. 2010;23(5):498-509. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00784.x
31. Wang XH, Mitch WE. Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(9):504-16. DOI:10.1038/nrneph.2014.112
32. Hu Z, Wang H, Lee IH, et al. Endogenous glucocorticoids and impaired insulin signaling are both required to stimulate muscle wasting under pathophysiological conditions in mice. J Clin Investig. 2009;119(10):3059-69. DOI:10.1172/JCI38770
33. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, et al. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(6):991-1001. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x 
34. Wu PY, Chao CT, Chan DC, et al. Contributors, risk associates, and complications of frailty in patients with chronic kidney disease: a scoping review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 20195;10:2040622319880382. DOI:10.1177/2040622319880382
35. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Salter ML, et al. Frailty as a novel predictor of mortality and hospitalization in individuals of all ages undergoing hemodialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(6):896-901. DOI:10.1111/jgs.12266
36. Alfaadhel TA, Soroka SD, Kiberd BA, et al. Frailty and mortality in dialysis: evaluation of a clinical frailty scale. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:832-40. DOI:10.2215/CJN.07760814
37. Garcia-Canton C, Rodenas A, Lopez-Aperador C, et al. Frailty in hemodialysis and prediction of poor short-term outcome: mortality, hospitalization and visits to hospital emergency services. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):567-75. DOI:10.1080/0886022X.2019.1628061
38. Delgado C, Shieh S, Grimes B, et al. Association of Self-Reported Frailty with Falls and Fractures among Patients New to Dialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42(2):134-40. DOI:10.1159/000439000
39. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Suresh S, Law A, et al. Frailty and falls among adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:224. DOI:10.1186/1471-2369-14-224
40. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Salter ML, et al. Frailty and early hospital readmission after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(8):2091-5. DOI:10.1111/ajt.12300
41. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Tan J, et al. Frailty, mycophenolate reduction, and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2015;99(4):805-10. DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000000444
42. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Olorundare IO, Ying H, et al. Frailty and Postkidney Transplant Health-Related Quality of Life. Transplantation. 2018;102(2):291-9. DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000001943
43. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Isaacs K, Darko L, et al. Changes in Frailty After Kidney Transplantation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(10):2152-7. DOI:10.1111/jgs.13657

Т.Е. Руденко*, И.Н. Бобкова, Е.С. Камышова, Е.В. Ставровская

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*rudenko_t_e@staff.sechenov.ru

________________________________________________

Tatiana E. Rudenko*, Irina N. Bobkova, Elena S. Kamyshova, Ekaterina V. Stavrovskaya

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*rudenko_t_e@staff.sechenov.ru