Введение. Во время пандемии коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19), вызванной вирусом SARS-CoV-2, отмечена значительная изменчивость как симптомов болезни, так и тяжести течения, в частности летальности госпитализированных пациентов. Выделен целый ряд вариантов, или штаммов, SARS-CoV-2: Альфа, Дельта, Омикрон и др. Цель. Изучить госпитальную летальность у пациентов с разными штаммами COVID-19 в период с апреля 2020 по апрель 2022 г. Материалы и методы. В ретроспективном сплошном нерандомизированном исследовании изучены 4749 истории болезни госпитализированных пациентов со штаммами Альфа (n=2400, апрель – декабрь 2020 г.), Дельта (n=1722, 2021 г.), Омикрон (n=627, январь – апрель 2022 г.). У всех включенных пациентов выявлена COVID-19-ассоциированная пневмония средней и тяжелой степеней тяжести, требующая госпитализации. Результаты. Госпитальная летальность в группах составила при различных штаммах COVID-19: Альфа – 6%, Дельта – 5,7%, Омикрон – 1,5%; p<0,001. Выявлено, что кардиоваскулярные заболевания (артериальная гипертензия, ишемическая болезнь сердца, хроническая сердечная недостаточность), сахарный диабет и хроническая болезнь почек являются факторами риска летального исхода при штаммах Альфа и Дельта, но не при варианте Омикрон. Отмечено значительное снижение срока госпитализации при штаммах Дельта [7 дней (5; 9)] и Омикрон [7 (5; 11)] по сравнению с вариантом Альфа [11 (9; 13); p<0,001], а также обнаружены различия в факторах риска летальности между исследованными COVID-вариантами. Заключение. Выявлены различия в летальности и факторах риска летального исхода между вариантами COVID-19.
Background. During the pandemic of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by a virus SARS-CoV-2 there has been significant variability in symptoms of the disease over time, severity of the course and in particular hospital mortality. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified such as Alpha, Delta, Omicron and others. Aim. To investigate the hospital mortality in patients with different strain variants during the period from April 2020 to April 2022. All included patients had moderate to severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Materials and methods. In this retrospective, conclusive, non-randomized, non-controlled study 4854 clinical records of hospitalized patients with Alpha (n=2400, April – December 2020), Delta (n=1722, 2021) and Omicron (n=627, January – April 2022) variants were investigated. Results. Hospital mortality is 6% in Alpha variant patients (6%), 5.7% in Delta and significantly lower in Omicron (1.5%; p<0,001). Cardiovascular disease (arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure), diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were risk factors for death in Alpha and Delta, but not in Omicron. There was also a significant decrease in the duration of hospitalization with strains Delta [7 days (5; 9)] and Omicron [7 (5; 11)] compared with Alpha [11 (9; 13); p<0,001], and differences in factors the risk of mortality between the tested COVID variants. Conclusion. Thus, differences in mortality and risk factors for death between COVID-19 variants could be shown in our cohort.
1. The Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Available at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu. Accessed: 02.08.2023.
2. Burki T. Understanding variants of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet. 2021;397(10273):462. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00298-1
3. Winger A, Caspari T. The spike of concern – the novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1002. DOI:10.3390/v13061002
4. Molina-Mora JA, Cordero-Laurent E, Calderón-Osorno M, et al. Metagenomic pipeline for identifying co-infections among distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: study cases from Alpha to Omicron. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9377. DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-13113-4
5. Bazargan M, Elahi R, Esmaeilzadeh A. OMICRON: Virology, immunopathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis. J Gene Med. 2022;24(7):e3435. DOI:10.1002/jgm.3435
6. Бычинин М.В., Клыпа Т.В., Мандель И.А., и др. Сравнительная клинико-лабораторная характеристика пациентов реанимационного профиля первой и второй волн пандемии COVID-19. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2022;4:57-65 [Bychinin MV, Klypa TV, Mandel IA, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of intensive care patients of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2022;4:57-65 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/anaesthesiology202204157
7. Haklai Z, Goldberger NF, Gordon E-S. Mortality during the first four waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: March 2020 – October 2021. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2022;11(1):24. DOI:10.1186/s13584-022-00533-w
8. V’kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, et al. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):155-70. DOI:10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6
9. Marchi R, Sugita B, Centa A, et al. The role of microRNAs in modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells: a systematic review. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;91:104832-9. DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104832
10. COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1513-36. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
11. Lauring AS, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, et al. Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, COVID-19 from omicron, delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective observational study. BMJ. 2022;376:e069761. DOI:10.1136/bmj-2021-069761
12. Арутюнов Г.П., Тарловская Е.И., Арутюнов А.Г., и др. Анализ влияния коморбидной сердечно-сосудистой патологии на течение и исходы COVID-19 у госпитализированных пациентов в первую и вторую волну пандемии в Евразийском регионе. Кардиология. 2022;62(12):38-49 [Arutyunov GP, Tarlovskaya EI, Arutyunov AG, et al. Analysis of the impact of comorbid cardiovascular pathology on the course and outcomes of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients during the first and second waves of the pandemic in the Eurasian region. Kardiologiia. 2022;62(12):38-49 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18087/cardio.2022.12.n2125
13. Rahmani S, Rezaei N. Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant: Development, dissemination, and dominance. J Med Virol. 2021;94(5):1787-8. DOI:10.1002/jmv.27563
14. Gu H, Krishnan P, Ng DYM, et al. Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):460-2. DOI:10.3201/eid2802.212422
15. Zagidullin NS, Motloch LJ, Musin TI, et al. J-waves in acute COVID-19: A novel disease characteristic and predictor of mortality? PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10):e0257982. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0257982
16. Лакман И.А., Мусин Т.И., Галиуллина А.Р., и др. Факторы риска перевода больных с COVID-19 на искусственную вентиляцию легких в ретроспективном нерандомизированном исследовании. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2022;77(1):33-42 [Lakman IA, Musin TI, Galiullina AR, et al. Risk Factors of Transfer to Mechanical Ventilation of COVID-19 Patients in a Retrospective Non-Randomized Study. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2022;77(1):33-42 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15690/vramn1673
17. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802-10. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
18. El-Shabasy RM, Nayel MA, Taher MM, et al. Three waves changes, new variant strains, and vaccination effect against COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;204:161-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.118
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1. The Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Available at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu. Accessed: 02.08.2023.
2. Burki T. Understanding variants of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet. 2021;397(10273):462. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00298-1
3. Winger A, Caspari T. The spike of concern – the novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1002. DOI:10.3390/v13061002
4. Molina-Mora JA, Cordero-Laurent E, Calderón-Osorno M, et al. Metagenomic pipeline for identifying co-infections among distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: study cases from Alpha to Omicron. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9377. DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-13113-4
5. Bazargan M, Elahi R, Esmaeilzadeh A. OMICRON: Virology, immunopathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis. J Gene Med. 2022;24(7):e3435. DOI:10.1002/jgm.3435
6. Bychinin MV, Klypa TV, Mandel IA, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of intensive care patients of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2022;4:57-65 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/anaesthesiology202204157
7. Haklai Z, Goldberger NF, Gordon E-S. Mortality during the first four waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: March 2020 – October 2021. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2022;11(1):24. DOI:10.1186/s13584-022-00533-w
8. V’kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, et al. Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):155-70. DOI:10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6
9. Marchi R, Sugita B, Centa A, et al. The role of microRNAs in modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells: a systematic review. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;91:104832-9. DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104832
10. COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1513-36. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
11. Lauring AS, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, et al. Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, COVID-19 from omicron, delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective observational study. BMJ. 2022;376:e069761. DOI:10.1136/bmj-2021-069761
12. Arutyunov GP, Tarlovskaya EI, Arutyunov AG, et al. Analysis of the impact of comorbid cardiovascular pathology on the course and outcomes of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients during the first and second waves of the pandemic in the Eurasian region. Kardiologiia. 2022;62(12):38-49 (in Russian). DOI:10.18087/cardio.2022.12.n2125
13. Rahmani S, Rezaei N. Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant: Development, dissemination, and dominance. J Med Virol. 2021;94(5):1787-8. DOI:10.1002/jmv.27563
14. Gu H, Krishnan P, Ng DYM, et al. Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):460-2. DOI:10.3201/eid2802.212422
15. Zagidullin NS, Motloch LJ, Musin TI, et al. J-waves in acute COVID-19: A novel disease characteristic and predictor of mortality? PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10):e0257982. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0257982
16. Lakman IA, Musin TI, Galiullina AR, et al. Risk Factors of Transfer to Mechanical Ventilation of COVID-19 Patients in a Retrospective Non-Randomized Study. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2022;77(1):33-42 (in Russian). DOI:10.15690/vramn1673
17. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802-10. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
18. El-Shabasy RM, Nayel MA, Taher MM, et al. Three waves changes, new variant strains, and vaccination effect against COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;204:161-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.118
1ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Уфа, Россия; 2ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский университет науки и технологий», Уфа, Россия; 3Государственная больница, Винер-Нойштадт, Австрия; 4Университетская клиника внутренних болезней II, Медицинский университет Парацельса, Зальцбург, Австрия; 5Отделение внутренней медицины II, Клиника Зальцкаммергут, Фёклабрюк, Австрия; 6Университетская больница Кеплера, медицинский факультет, Университет Иоганна Кеплера, Линц, Австрия; 7Институт сестринского дела и науки, Медицинский университет Парацельса, Зальцбург, Австрия
*d.f.gareeva@mail.ru
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Diana F. Gareeva*1, Irina A. Lakman2, Alexander A. Agapitov2, Liana F. Sadikova2, Paruir A. Davtian1, Valeriia L. Kayumova1, Guzel M. Nurtdinova1, Elena A. Badykova1, Magomed S. Kurbanov1, Islam R. Idigov1, Lukas Fiedler3, Lukas Jaroslav Motloch4–6, Anna-Maria Dieplinger7, Venera M. Timiryanova2, Naufal Sh. Zagidullin1
1Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia; 2Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia; 3Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; 4Clinic II for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; 5Department of Internal Medicine II, Salzkammergut Klinikum, Vöcklabruck, Austria; 6Department of Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria; 7Institute for Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
*d.f.gareeva@mail.ru