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Биомаркеры острого коронарного синдрома: от истоков до наших дней - Журнал Терапевтический архив №9 Вопросы кардиологии 2024
Биомаркеры острого коронарного синдрома: от истоков до наших дней
Окишева Е.А., Трушина О.Ю. Биомаркеры острого коронарного синдрома: от истоков до наших дней. Терапевтический архив. 2024;96(9):914–918. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2024.09.202854
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2024 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2024 г.
________________________________________________
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Аннотация
Острый коронарный синдром продолжает оставаться ведущей причиной смерти пациентов как с ишемической болезнью сердца, так и с иными заболеваниями (сахарный диабет, хроническая болезнь почек, воспалительные заболевания различной этиологии и пр.). Ранняя диагностика повреждения и некроза кардиомиоцитов открывает широкие возможности для улучшения прогноза пациентов с атеросклеротическим поражением коронарных артерий, а также позволяет с высокой долей вероятности переводить из блоков интенсивного наблюдения пациентов без острой сердечно-сосудистой патологии. В статье обсуждается эволюция изучения и внедрения в широкую клиническую практику маркеров повреждения и невроза миокарда, позволивших улучшить современную клиническую практику.
Ключевые слова: инфаркт миокарда, острый коронарный синдром, биомаркер, тропонин, трансаминазы, ишемия, повреждение миокарда, атеросклероз, диагностика, прогноз
Keywords: myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, biomarker, troponin, transaminases, ischemia, myocardial injury, diagnosis, prognosis
Ключевые слова: инфаркт миокарда, острый коронарный синдром, биомаркер, тропонин, трансаминазы, ишемия, повреждение миокарда, атеросклероз, диагностика, прогноз
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Keywords: myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, biomarker, troponin, transaminases, ischemia, myocardial injury, diagnosis, prognosis
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(3):237-69. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462
2. LaDue JS, Wroblewski F, Karmen A Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction. Science. 1954;120:497-9. DOI:10.1126/science.120.3117.497
3. World Health Organization Expert Committee. Hypertension and coronary heart disease: classification and criteria for epidemiological studies. First report of the expert committee on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 1959;168.
4. Dreyfus JC, Schapira G, Rasnais J, et al. Serum creatine kinase in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol. 1960;5:386-7.
5. Roberts R, Sobel BE, Parker CW. Radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase isoenzymes. Science. 1976;194:855-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.982049
6. World Health Organization. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization Task Force on Standardization of Clinical Nomenclature. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1979;59:607-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.59.3.607
7. Danese E, Montagnana M. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 4:194. DOI:10.21037/atm.2016.05.19
8. Ebashi S. Third component participating in the superprecipitation of ‘natural actomyosin’. Nature. 1963;200:1010. DOI:10.1038/2001010a0
9. Greaser ML, Gergely J. Reconstitution of troponin activity from three protein components. J Biol Chem. 1971;246:4226-33. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62075-7
10. Bucher EA, Maisonpierre PC, Konieczny SF, et al. Expression of the troponin complex genes: transcriptional coactivation during myoblast differentiation and independent control in heart and skeletal muscles. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8:4134-42. DOI:10.1128%2Fmcb.8.10.4134
11. Cummins B, Auckland ML, Cummins P. Cardiac-specific troponin-I radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1333-44. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90645-4
12. Müller-Bardorff M, Hallermeyer K, Schroder A, et al. Improved Troponin T ELISA specific for cardiac Troponin T isoform: assay development and analytical and clinical validation. Clin Chem. 1997;43:458-66.
13. Hallermayer K, Klenner D, Vogel R. Use of recombinant human cardiac Troponin T for standardization of third generation Troponin T methods. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. Suppl. 1999;230:128-31.
14. Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, et al. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56:254-61. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2009.132654
15. Zhelev Z, Hyde C, Youngman E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of single baseline measurement of Elecsys Troponin T high-sensitive assay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ. 2015;350:h15. DOI:10.1136/bmj.h15
16. Røysland R, Kravdal G, Høiseth AD, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels and exercise stress testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: the Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 1 study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122(12):599-606. DOI:10.1042/CS20110557
17. Jeremias A, Gibson CM. Narrative Review: Alternative Causes for Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels when Acute Coronary Syndromes Are Excluded. Ann Intern Med.
2005;142:786-91. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00015
18. Garg P, Morris P, Fazlanie AL, et al. Cardiac biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: from history to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(2):147-55. DOI:10.1007/s11739-017-1612-1
19. Миронова О.Ю., Бердышева М.В., Елфимова Е.М. МикроРНК: взгляд клинициста на состояние проблемы. Часть 2. МикроРНК в качестве биомаркера. Евразийский Кардиологический Журнал. 2023;(2):64-71 [Mironova OI, Berdysheva MV, Elfimova EM. MicroRNA: a clinician’s view of the state of the problem. Part 2. MicroRNA as a biomarker. Eurasian Heart Journal. 2023;(2):64-71 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.38109/2225-1685-2023-2-64-71
20. Wang GK, Zhu JQ, Zhang JT, et al. Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):659-66. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq013
21. Wang X, Tian L, Sun Q. Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating miRNA-499 and miRNA-22 in acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(8):2410-7. DOI:10.1002/jcla.23332
22. Shi S, Yi JL. S100A8/A9 promotes MMP-9 expression in the fibroblasts from cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction by inducing macrophages secreting TNFα. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(12):3925-35. DOI:10.26355/eurrev_201806_15278
23. Li Y, Chen B, Yang X, et al. S100a8/a9 Signaling Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiomyocyte Death in Response to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation. 2019;140(9):751-64. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039262
24. Singh N, Rathore V, Mahat RK, Rastogi P. Glycogen Phosphorylase BB: A more Sensitive and Specific Marker than Other Cardiac Markers for Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2018;33(3):356-60. DOI:10.1007/s12291-017-0685-y
2. LaDue JS, Wroblewski F, Karmen A Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction. Science. 1954;120:497-9. DOI:10.1126/science.120.3117.497
3. World Health Organization Expert Committee. Hypertension and coronary heart disease: classification and criteria for epidemiological studies. First report of the expert committee on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 1959;168.
4. Dreyfus JC, Schapira G, Rasnais J, et al. Serum creatine kinase in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol. 1960;5:386-7.
5. Roberts R, Sobel BE, Parker CW. Radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase isoenzymes. Science. 1976;194:855-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.982049
6. World Health Organization. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization Task Force on Standardization of Clinical Nomenclature. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1979;59:607-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.59.3.607
7. Danese E, Montagnana M. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 4:194. DOI:10.21037/atm.2016.05.19
8. Ebashi S. Third component participating in the superprecipitation of ‘natural actomyosin’. Nature. 1963;200:1010. DOI:10.1038/2001010a0
9. Greaser ML, Gergely J. Reconstitution of troponin activity from three protein components. J Biol Chem. 1971;246:4226-33. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62075-7
10. Bucher EA, Maisonpierre PC, Konieczny SF, et al. Expression of the troponin complex genes: transcriptional coactivation during myoblast differentiation and independent control in heart and skeletal muscles. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8:4134-42. DOI:10.1128%2Fmcb.8.10.4134
11. Cummins B, Auckland ML, Cummins P. Cardiac-specific troponin-I radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1333-44. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90645-4
12. Müller-Bardorff M, Hallermeyer K, Schroder A, et al. Improved Troponin T ELISA specific for cardiac Troponin T isoform: assay development and analytical and clinical validation. Clin Chem. 1997;43:458-66.
13. Hallermayer K, Klenner D, Vogel R. Use of recombinant human cardiac Troponin T for standardization of third generation Troponin T methods. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. Suppl. 1999;230:128-31.
14. Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, et al. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56:254-61. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2009.132654
15. Zhelev Z, Hyde C, Youngman E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of single baseline measurement of Elecsys Troponin T high-sensitive assay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ. 2015;350:h15. DOI:10.1136/bmj.h15
16. Røysland R, Kravdal G, Høiseth AD, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels and exercise stress testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: the Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 1 study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122(12):599-606. DOI:10.1042/CS20110557
17. Jeremias A, Gibson CM. Narrative Review: Alternative Causes for Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels when Acute Coronary Syndromes Are Excluded. Ann Intern Med.
2005;142:786-91. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00015
18. Garg P, Morris P, Fazlanie AL, et al. Cardiac biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: from history to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(2):147-55. DOI:10.1007/s11739-017-1612-1
19. Mironova OI, Berdysheva MV, Elfimova EM. MicroRNA: a clinician’s view of the state of the problem. Part 2. MicroRNA as a biomarker. Eurasian Heart Journal. 2023;(2):64-71 (in Russian). DOI:10.38109/2225-1685-2023-2-64-71
20. Wang GK, Zhu JQ, Zhang JT, et al. Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):659-66. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq013
21. Wang X, Tian L, Sun Q. Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating miRNA-499 and miRNA-22 in acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(8):2410-7. DOI:10.1002/jcla.23332
22. Shi S, Yi JL. S100A8/A9 promotes MMP-9 expression in the fibroblasts from cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction by inducing macrophages secreting TNFα. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(12):3925-35. DOI:10.26355/eurrev_201806_15278
23. Li Y, Chen B, Yang X, et al. S100a8/a9 Signaling Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiomyocyte Death in Response to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation. 2019;140(9):751-64. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039262
24. Singh N, Rathore V, Mahat RK, Rastogi P. Glycogen Phosphorylase BB: A more Sensitive and Specific Marker than Other Cardiac Markers for Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2018;33(3):356-60. DOI:10.1007/s12291-017-0685-y
2. LaDue JS, Wroblewski F, Karmen A Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction. Science. 1954;120:497-9. DOI:10.1126/science.120.3117.497
3. World Health Organization Expert Committee. Hypertension and coronary heart disease: classification and criteria for epidemiological studies. First report of the expert committee on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 1959;168.
4. Dreyfus JC, Schapira G, Rasnais J, et al. Serum creatine kinase in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol. 1960;5:386-7.
5. Roberts R, Sobel BE, Parker CW. Radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase isoenzymes. Science. 1976;194:855-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.982049
6. World Health Organization. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization Task Force on Standardization of Clinical Nomenclature. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1979;59:607-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.59.3.607
7. Danese E, Montagnana M. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 4:194. DOI:10.21037/atm.2016.05.19
8. Ebashi S. Third component participating in the superprecipitation of ‘natural actomyosin’. Nature. 1963;200:1010. DOI:10.1038/2001010a0
9. Greaser ML, Gergely J. Reconstitution of troponin activity from three protein components. J Biol Chem. 1971;246:4226-33. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62075-7
10. Bucher EA, Maisonpierre PC, Konieczny SF, et al. Expression of the troponin complex genes: transcriptional coactivation during myoblast differentiation and independent control in heart and skeletal muscles. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8:4134-42. DOI:10.1128%2Fmcb.8.10.4134
11. Cummins B, Auckland ML, Cummins P. Cardiac-specific troponin-I radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1333-44. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90645-4
12. Müller-Bardorff M, Hallermeyer K, Schroder A, et al. Improved Troponin T ELISA specific for cardiac Troponin T isoform: assay development and analytical and clinical validation. Clin Chem. 1997;43:458-66.
13. Hallermayer K, Klenner D, Vogel R. Use of recombinant human cardiac Troponin T for standardization of third generation Troponin T methods. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. Suppl. 1999;230:128-31.
14. Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, et al. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56:254-61. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2009.132654
15. Zhelev Z, Hyde C, Youngman E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of single baseline measurement of Elecsys Troponin T high-sensitive assay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ. 2015;350:h15. DOI:10.1136/bmj.h15
16. Røysland R, Kravdal G, Høiseth AD, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels and exercise stress testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: the Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 1 study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122(12):599-606. DOI:10.1042/CS20110557
17. Jeremias A, Gibson CM. Narrative Review: Alternative Causes for Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels when Acute Coronary Syndromes Are Excluded. Ann Intern Med.
2005;142:786-91. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00015
18. Garg P, Morris P, Fazlanie AL, et al. Cardiac biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: from history to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(2):147-55. DOI:10.1007/s11739-017-1612-1
19. Миронова О.Ю., Бердышева М.В., Елфимова Е.М. МикроРНК: взгляд клинициста на состояние проблемы. Часть 2. МикроРНК в качестве биомаркера. Евразийский Кардиологический Журнал. 2023;(2):64-71 [Mironova OI, Berdysheva MV, Elfimova EM. MicroRNA: a clinician’s view of the state of the problem. Part 2. MicroRNA as a biomarker. Eurasian Heart Journal. 2023;(2):64-71 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.38109/2225-1685-2023-2-64-71
20. Wang GK, Zhu JQ, Zhang JT, et al. Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):659-66. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq013
21. Wang X, Tian L, Sun Q. Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating miRNA-499 and miRNA-22 in acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(8):2410-7. DOI:10.1002/jcla.23332
22. Shi S, Yi JL. S100A8/A9 promotes MMP-9 expression in the fibroblasts from cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction by inducing macrophages secreting TNFα. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(12):3925-35. DOI:10.26355/eurrev_201806_15278
23. Li Y, Chen B, Yang X, et al. S100a8/a9 Signaling Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiomyocyte Death in Response to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation. 2019;140(9):751-64. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039262
24. Singh N, Rathore V, Mahat RK, Rastogi P. Glycogen Phosphorylase BB: A more Sensitive and Specific Marker than Other Cardiac Markers for Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2018;33(3):356-60. DOI:10.1007/s12291-017-0685-y
________________________________________________
2. LaDue JS, Wroblewski F, Karmen A Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction. Science. 1954;120:497-9. DOI:10.1126/science.120.3117.497
3. World Health Organization Expert Committee. Hypertension and coronary heart disease: classification and criteria for epidemiological studies. First report of the expert committee on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 1959;168.
4. Dreyfus JC, Schapira G, Rasnais J, et al. Serum creatine kinase in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol. 1960;5:386-7.
5. Roberts R, Sobel BE, Parker CW. Radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase isoenzymes. Science. 1976;194:855-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.982049
6. World Health Organization. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization Task Force on Standardization of Clinical Nomenclature. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1979;59:607-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.59.3.607
7. Danese E, Montagnana M. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 4:194. DOI:10.21037/atm.2016.05.19
8. Ebashi S. Third component participating in the superprecipitation of ‘natural actomyosin’. Nature. 1963;200:1010. DOI:10.1038/2001010a0
9. Greaser ML, Gergely J. Reconstitution of troponin activity from three protein components. J Biol Chem. 1971;246:4226-33. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62075-7
10. Bucher EA, Maisonpierre PC, Konieczny SF, et al. Expression of the troponin complex genes: transcriptional coactivation during myoblast differentiation and independent control in heart and skeletal muscles. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8:4134-42. DOI:10.1128%2Fmcb.8.10.4134
11. Cummins B, Auckland ML, Cummins P. Cardiac-specific troponin-I radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1333-44. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90645-4
12. Müller-Bardorff M, Hallermeyer K, Schroder A, et al. Improved Troponin T ELISA specific for cardiac Troponin T isoform: assay development and analytical and clinical validation. Clin Chem. 1997;43:458-66.
13. Hallermayer K, Klenner D, Vogel R. Use of recombinant human cardiac Troponin T for standardization of third generation Troponin T methods. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. Suppl. 1999;230:128-31.
14. Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, et al. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem. 2010;56:254-61. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2009.132654
15. Zhelev Z, Hyde C, Youngman E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of single baseline measurement of Elecsys Troponin T high-sensitive assay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ. 2015;350:h15. DOI:10.1136/bmj.h15
16. Røysland R, Kravdal G, Høiseth AD, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels and exercise stress testing in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: the Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 1 study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2012;122(12):599-606. DOI:10.1042/CS20110557
17. Jeremias A, Gibson CM. Narrative Review: Alternative Causes for Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels when Acute Coronary Syndromes Are Excluded. Ann Intern Med.
2005;142:786-91. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00015
18. Garg P, Morris P, Fazlanie AL, et al. Cardiac biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: from history to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(2):147-55. DOI:10.1007/s11739-017-1612-1
19. Mironova OI, Berdysheva MV, Elfimova EM. MicroRNA: a clinician’s view of the state of the problem. Part 2. MicroRNA as a biomarker. Eurasian Heart Journal. 2023;(2):64-71 (in Russian). DOI:10.38109/2225-1685-2023-2-64-71
20. Wang GK, Zhu JQ, Zhang JT, et al. Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):659-66. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq013
21. Wang X, Tian L, Sun Q. Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating miRNA-499 and miRNA-22 in acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(8):2410-7. DOI:10.1002/jcla.23332
22. Shi S, Yi JL. S100A8/A9 promotes MMP-9 expression in the fibroblasts from cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction by inducing macrophages secreting TNFα. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(12):3925-35. DOI:10.26355/eurrev_201806_15278
23. Li Y, Chen B, Yang X, et al. S100a8/a9 Signaling Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiomyocyte Death in Response to Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation. 2019;140(9):751-64. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039262
24. Singh N, Rathore V, Mahat RK, Rastogi P. Glycogen Phosphorylase BB: A more Sensitive and Specific Marker than Other Cardiac Markers for Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2018;33(3):356-60. DOI:10.1007/s12291-017-0685-y
Авторы
Е.А. Окишева*, О.Ю. Трушина
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*e.okisheva@gmail.com
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*e.okisheva@gmail.com
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*e.okisheva@gmail.com
________________________________________________
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*e.okisheva@gmail.com
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