Остеопороз и саркопения у больных ревматоидным артритом: как предотвратить костно-мышечные потери

1. Ревматология. Клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Е.Л.Насонова. М.:ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010; с. 90–230. / Revmatologiia. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. E.L.Nasonova. M.:GEOTAR-Media, 2010; s. 90–230. [in Russian]
2. Мikuls TR, Fay BT, Michaud K et al. Associations of disease activity and treatments with mortality in men with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the VARA registry. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 101–9.
3. Насонов Е.Л., Скрипникова И.А., Насонова В.А. Проблема остеопороза в ревматологии. М.: Стин, 1997. / Nasonov E.L., Skripnikova I.A., Nasonova V.A. Problema osteoporoza v revmatologii. M.: Stin, 1997. [in Russian]
4. Gough AK, Lilley J, Eyre S et al. Generalized bone loss in patient with early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1994; 344 (8914): 23–7.
5. Goldring SR. The effects of inflammatory arthritis on bone remodeling. Arthritis Res 2005; 7 (Suppl. 1): S12.
6. Bezerra MC, Carvalho JF, Prokopowitsch AS, Pereira RM. RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in arthritic bone loss. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38 (2): 161–70
7. Forsblad d'Elia H, Larsen A, Waltbrand E et al. Radiographic joint destruction in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with generalised osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62 (7): 617–23.
8. Solomon DH, Finkelstein JS, Shadick N et al. The relationship between focal erosions and generalized osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: the osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis (OPiRA) cohort study. Arthr Rheum 2009; 60: 1624–31.
9. Fardellone P, Séjourné A, Paccou J, Goëb V. Bone Remodelling Markers in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Inflam 2014, Article ID 484280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/484280
10. Таскина Е.А., Алексеева Л.И., Дыдыкина И.С. и др. Факторы риска развития остеопороза у больных ревматоидным артритом. Науч.-практ. ревматология. 2014; 52 (4): 393–7. / Taskina E.A., Alekseeva L.I., Dydykina I.S. i dr. Faktory riska razvitiia osteoporoza u bol'nykh revmatoidnym artritom. Nauch.-prakt. revmatologiia. 2014; 52 (4): 393–7. [in Russian]
11. Гукасян Д.А., Балабанова Р.М., Смирнов А.В., Насонов Е.Л. Изучение взаимосвязи между минеральной плотностью костной ткани и клинико-лабораторными показателями активности ревматоидного артрита. Науч.-практ. ревматология. 2005; 1: 18–21. / Gukasian D.A., Balabanova R.M., Smirnov A.V., Nasonov E.L. Izuchenie vzaimosviazi mezhdu mineral'noi plotnost'iu kostnoi tkani i kliniko-laboratornymi pokazateliami aktivnosti revmatoidnogo artrita. Nauch.-prakt. revmatologiia. 2005; 1: 18–21. [in Russian]
12. Sinigaglia L, Nervetti A, Mela Q et al. A multicenter cross sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. Italian Study Group on Bone Mass in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2582–9.
13. Güler-Yüksel M, Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP et al. Changes in hand and generalised bone mineral density in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68 (3): 330–6.
14. Deodhar AA, Woolf AD. Bone mass measurement and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35 (4): 309–22.
15. Мурадянц А.А., Шостак Н.А. Вторичный остеопороз: особенности течения и терапии при ревматоидном артрите. Вестн. РГМУ. 2005; 8 (47): 70–4. / Muradiants A.A., Shostak N.A. Vtorichnyi osteoporoz: osobennosti techeniia i terapii pri revmatoidnom artrite. Vestn. RGMU. 2005; 8 (47): 70–4. [in Russian]
16. Беневоленская Л.И. Проблема остеопороза в современной медицине. Науч.-практ. ревматология. 2005; 1: 4–7. / Benevolenskaia L.I. Problema osteoporoza v sovremennoi meditsine. Nauch.-prakt. revmatologiia. 2005; 1: 4–7. [in Russian]
17. Haugeberg G, Strand A, Kvien TK, Kirwan JR. Reduced loss of hand bone density with prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165 (11): 1293–7.
18. Habib GS, Haj S. Bone mineral density in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24 (2): 129–33.
19. Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of оsteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19: 399–428.
20. Van Staa TP, Geusens P, Bijlsma JW et al. Clinical assessment of the long-term risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54: 3104–12.
21. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J et al. Cachexia: a new defenition. Clin Nutr 2008; 27 (6): 793–9.
22. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010; 39 (4): 412–23.
23. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Romero LJ et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia in elderly people in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 744–63.
24. Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia: effects on body composition and function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58 (11): 1012–7.
25. Giles JT, Allison M, Blumenthal RS et al. Abdominal adiposity in rheumatoid arthritis: Association with cardiometabolic risk factors and disease characteristics. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62 (11): 3173–82.
26. Marcora SM, Chester KR, Mittal G et al. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1463–72.
27. Crepaldi G, Maggi S. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis: A hazardous duet. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28 (10): 66–8.
28. Binkley N, Buehring B. Beyond FRAX: it's time to consider "sarco-osteopenia". J Clin Densitom 2009; 12: 413–6.
29. Drey M, Sieber CC, Bertsch T et al. Osteosarcopenia is more than sarcopenia and osteopenia alone. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Walsh MC, Hunter GR, Livingstone MB. Sarcopenia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and normal bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 61–7.
31. Di Monaco M, Vallero F, Di Monaco R, Tappero R. Prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with osteoporosis in 313 older women following a hip fracture. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011; 52: 71–4.
32. Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P, Lyraki A et al. Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012; 3 (6): 181–7.
33. Burton LA, Sumukadas D. Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging 2010; 5: 217–28.
34. Jankosky C, Deussing E, Gibson R, Haverkos H. Viruses and vitamin D in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Virus Res 2012; 163: 424–30.
35. Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75 (1): 3–15.
36. Vis M, Güler-Yüksel M, Lems WF. Can bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis be prevented? Osteoporosis Int 2013; 24 (10): 2541–53.
37. Minaur NJ, Kounali D, Vedi S et al. Methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. II. In vivo effects on bone mineral density. Rheumatol (Oxford) 2002; 41 (7): 741–9.
38. Di Munno O, Mazzantini M, Sinigaglia L et al. Effect of low dose methotrexate on bone density in women with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Rheumatol 2004; 31 (7): 1305–9.
39. O’Dell JR, Mikuls TR, Taylor TH et al. Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (4): 307–18.
40. Kobayashi Y, Ueyama S, Arai Y et al. The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, inhibits both the generation of and the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts by acting directly on cells of the osteoclast lineage. J Bone Miner Metab 2004; 22 (4): 318–28.
41. Sakthiswary R, Das S. The effects of TNF a antagonist therapy on bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Curr Drug Targ 2013; 14 (13): 1552–7.
42. Chopin F, Garnero P, le Henanff A et al. Long-term effects of infliximab on bone and cartilage turnover markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 (3): 353–7.
43. Kim SY, Schneeweiss S, Liu J et al. Effects of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on nonvertebral fracture risk in rheumatoid arthritis: A population‐based cohort study. J Bone Min Res 2012; 27 (4): 789–96.
44. Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S et al. The effect of tocilizumab on bone mineral density in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 2014; 53 (5): 900–3.
45. Garnero P, Thompson E, Woodworth T et al. Rapid and sustained improvement in bone and cartilage turnover markers with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results from a substudy of the multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab in inadequate responders to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62 (1): 33–43.
46. Wheater G, Hogan VE, Teng YK et al. Suppression of bone turnover by B-cell depletion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis Int 2011; 22 (12): 3067–72.
47. Klein RG, Arnaud SB, Gallagher JC et al. Intestinal absorption in exogenous hypercortisolism: role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 253–9.
48. Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2014; 383 (9912): 146–55.
49. Avenell A, Mak JC, O’Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 4.
50. Gallagher JC, Sai A, Templin T et al. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012; 156 (6): 425–37.
51. Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Linseisen J et al. Calcium intake and serum concentration in relation to risk of cardiovascular death in NHANES III. PLoS One 2013; 8 (4): e61037.
52. Choy E, Ganeshalingam K, Semb AG et al. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: recent advances in the understanding of the pivotal role of inflammation, risk predictors and the impact of treatment. Rheumatol 2014; 53 (12): 2143–54.
53. Nieves JW. Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals, beyond calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24 (3): 771–86.
54. Okyay E, Ertugrul C, Acar B et al. Comparative evaluation of serum levels of main minerals and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas 2013; 76 (4): 320–5.
55. Zheng J, Mao X, Ling J et al. Low serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron as risk factors for osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160 (1): 15–23.
56. Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM et al. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB 1987; J1: 394–7.
57. Демидов В.И., Жидоморов Н.Ю., Громова О.А. и др. Роль кальция, витамина D3 и остеотропных минералов в профилактике и комплексном лечении перелома берцовой кости: результаты рандомизированного плацебо-контролируемого эксперимента. Лечащий врач. 2014; 12. / Demidov V.I., Zhidomorov N.Iu., Gromova O.A. i dr. Rol' kal'tsiia, vitamina D3 i osteotropnykh mineralov v profilaktike i kompleksnom lechenii pereloma bertsovoi kosti: rezul'taty randomizirovannogo platsebo-kontroliruemogo eksperimenta. Lechashchii vrach. 2014; 12. [in Russian]
58. Evstigneyeva L, Kozhemyakina E, Lesnyak O et al. Effect of Exercise for Patient with Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72 (Suppl. 3): A137–A1372.
59. De Jong Z, Munneke M, Lems WF et al. Slowing of bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by long‐term high‐intensity exercise: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50 (4): 1066–76.
60. Lemmey AB, Williams SL, Marcora SM et al. Are the benefits of a high‐intensity progressive resistance training program sustained in rheumatoid arthritis patients? A 3‐year followup study. Arthritis Care Res 2012; 64 (1): 71–5.
61. Lemmey AB, Marcora SM, Chester K et al. Effects of high‐intensity resistance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res 2009; 61 (12): 1726–34.
62. Rall LC, Meydani SN, Kehayias JJ et al. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39 (3): 415–26.
63. Waters DL, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ et al. Advantages of dietary, exercise-related, and therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat sarcopenia in adult patients: an update. Clin Interv Aging 2010; 5: 259–70.
64. Romas E. Bone loss in inflammatory arthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches with bisphosphonates. Best Pract Res Clin Rheum 2005; 19 (6): 1065–79.
65. Suzuki Y. Secondary osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates as a possible strategy for the prevention of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Calcium 2007; 17 (12): 1909–13.
66. Sambrook PN, Cameron ID, Chen JS et al. Oral bisphosphonates are associated with reduced mortality in frail older people: a prospective five-year study. Osteopor Int 2011; 22 (9): 2551–6.

________________________________________________

1. Revmatologiia. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. E.L.Nasonova. M.:GEOTAR-Media, 2010; s. 90–230. [in Russian]
2. Мikuls TR, Fay BT, Michaud K et al. Associations of disease activity and treatments with mortality in men with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the VARA registry. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 101–9.
3. Nasonov E.L., Skripnikova I.A., Nasonova V.A. Problema osteoporoza v revmatologii. M.: Stin, 1997. [in Russian]
4. Gough AK, Lilley J, Eyre S et al. Generalized bone loss in patient with early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1994; 344 (8914): 23–7.
5. Goldring SR. The effects of inflammatory arthritis on bone remodeling. Arthritis Res 2005; 7 (Suppl. 1): S12.
6. Bezerra MC, Carvalho JF, Prokopowitsch AS, Pereira RM. RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in arthritic bone loss. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38 (2): 161–70
7. Forsblad d'Elia H, Larsen A, Waltbrand E et al. Radiographic joint destruction in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with generalised osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62 (7): 617–23.
8. Solomon DH, Finkelstein JS, Shadick N et al. The relationship between focal erosions and generalized osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: the osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis (OPiRA) cohort study. Arthr Rheum 2009; 60: 1624–31.
9. Fardellone P, Séjourné A, Paccou J, Goëb V. Bone Remodelling Markers in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Inflam 2014, Article ID 484280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/484280
10. Taskina E.A., Alekseeva L.I., Dydykina I.S. i dr. Faktory riska razvitiia osteoporoza u bol'nykh revmatoidnym artritom. Nauch.-prakt. revmatologiia. 2014; 52 (4): 393–7. [in Russian]
11. Gukasian D.A., Balabanova R.M., Smirnov A.V., Nasonov E.L. Izuchenie vzaimosviazi mezhdu mineral'noi plotnost'iu kostnoi tkani i kliniko-laboratornymi pokazateliami aktivnosti revmatoidnogo artrita. Nauch.-prakt. revmatologiia. 2005; 1: 18–21. [in Russian]
12. Sinigaglia L, Nervetti A, Mela Q et al. A multicenter cross sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. Italian Study Group on Bone Mass in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2582–9.
13. Güler-Yüksel M, Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP et al. Changes in hand and generalised bone mineral density in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68 (3): 330–6.
14. Deodhar AA, Woolf AD. Bone mass measurement and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35 (4): 309–22.
15. Muradiants A.A., Shostak N.A. Vtorichnyi osteoporoz: osobennosti techeniia i terapii pri revmatoidnom artrite. Vestn. RGMU. 2005; 8 (47): 70–4. [in Russian]
16. Benevolenskaia L.I. Problema osteoporoza v sovremennoi meditsine. Nauch.-prakt. revmatologiia. 2005; 1: 4–7. [in Russian]
17. Haugeberg G, Strand A, Kvien TK, Kirwan JR. Reduced loss of hand bone density with prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165 (11): 1293–7.
18. Habib GS, Haj S. Bone mineral density in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24 (2): 129–33.
19. Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of оsteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19: 399–428.
20. Van Staa TP, Geusens P, Bijlsma JW et al. Clinical assessment of the long-term risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54: 3104–12.
21. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J et al. Cachexia: a new defenition. Clin Nutr 2008; 27 (6): 793–9.
22. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010; 39 (4): 412–23.
23. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Romero LJ et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia in elderly people in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 744–63.
24. Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia: effects on body composition and function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58 (11): 1012–7.
25. Giles JT, Allison M, Blumenthal RS et al. Abdominal adiposity in rheumatoid arthritis: Association with cardiometabolic risk factors and disease characteristics. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62 (11): 3173–82.
26. Marcora SM, Chester KR, Mittal G et al. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1463–72.
27. Crepaldi G, Maggi S. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis: A hazardous duet. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28 (10): 66–8.
28. Binkley N, Buehring B. Beyond FRAX: it's time to consider "sarco-osteopenia". J Clin Densitom 2009; 12: 413–6.
29. Drey M, Sieber CC, Bertsch T et al. Osteosarcopenia is more than sarcopenia and osteopenia alone. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Walsh MC, Hunter GR, Livingstone MB. Sarcopenia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and normal bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 61–7.
31. Di Monaco M, Vallero F, Di Monaco R, Tappero R. Prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with osteoporosis in 313 older women following a hip fracture. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011; 52: 71–4.
32. Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P, Lyraki A et al. Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012; 3 (6): 181–7.
33. Burton LA, Sumukadas D. Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging 2010; 5: 217–28.
34. Jankosky C, Deussing E, Gibson R, Haverkos H. Viruses and vitamin D in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Virus Res 2012; 163: 424–30.
35. Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75 (1): 3–15.
36. Vis M, Güler-Yüksel M, Lems WF. Can bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis be prevented? Osteoporosis Int 2013; 24 (10): 2541–53.
37. Minaur NJ, Kounali D, Vedi S et al. Methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. II. In vivo effects on bone mineral density. Rheumatol (Oxford) 2002; 41 (7): 741–9.
38. Di Munno O, Mazzantini M, Sinigaglia L et al. Effect of low dose methotrexate on bone density in women with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Rheumatol 2004; 31 (7): 1305–9.
39. O’Dell JR, Mikuls TR, Taylor TH et al. Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (4): 307–18.
40. Kobayashi Y, Ueyama S, Arai Y et al. The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, inhibits both the generation of and the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts by acting directly on cells of the osteoclast lineage. J Bone Miner Metab 2004; 22 (4): 318–28.
41. Sakthiswary R, Das S. The effects of TNF a antagonist therapy on bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Curr Drug Targ 2013; 14 (13): 1552–7.
42. Chopin F, Garnero P, le Henanff A et al. Long-term effects of infliximab on bone and cartilage turnover markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 (3): 353–7.
43. Kim SY, Schneeweiss S, Liu J et al. Effects of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on nonvertebral fracture risk in rheumatoid arthritis: A population‐based cohort study. J Bone Min Res 2012; 27 (4): 789–96.
44. Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S et al. The effect of tocilizumab on bone mineral density in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 2014; 53 (5): 900–3.
45. Garnero P, Thompson E, Woodworth T et al. Rapid and sustained improvement in bone and cartilage turnover markers with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results from a substudy of the multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab in inadequate responders to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62 (1): 33–43.
46. Wheater G, Hogan VE, Teng YK et al. Suppression of bone turnover by B-cell depletion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis Int 2011; 22 (12): 3067–72.
47. Klein RG, Arnaud SB, Gallagher JC et al. Intestinal absorption in exogenous hypercortisolism: role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 253–9.
48. Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2014; 383 (9912): 146–55.
49. Avenell A, Mak JC, O’Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 4.
50. Gallagher JC, Sai A, Templin T et al. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012; 156 (6): 425–37.
51. Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Linseisen J et al. Calcium intake and serum concentration in relation to risk of cardiovascular death in NHANES III. PLoS One 2013; 8 (4): e61037.
52. Choy E, Ganeshalingam K, Semb AG et al. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: recent advances in the understanding of the pivotal role of inflammation, risk predictors and the impact of treatment. Rheumatol 2014; 53 (12): 2143–54.
53. Nieves JW. Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals, beyond calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24 (3): 771–86.
54. Okyay E, Ertugrul C, Acar B et al. Comparative evaluation of serum levels of main minerals and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas 2013; 76 (4): 320–5.
55. Zheng J, Mao X, Ling J et al. Low serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron as risk factors for osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160 (1): 15–23.
56. Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM et al. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB 1987; J1: 394–7.
57. Demidov V.I., Zhidomorov N.Iu., Gromova O.A. i dr. Rol' kal'tsiia, vitamina D3 i osteotropnykh mineralov v profilaktike i kompleksnom lechenii pereloma bertsovoi kosti: rezul'taty randomizirovannogo platsebo-kontroliruemogo eksperimenta. Lechashchii vrach. 2014; 12. [in Russian]
58. Evstigneyeva L, Kozhemyakina E, Lesnyak O et al. Effect of Exercise for Patient with Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72 (Suppl. 3): A137–A1372.
59. De Jong Z, Munneke M, Lems WF et al. Slowing of bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by long‐term high‐intensity exercise: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50 (4): 1066–76.
60. Lemmey AB, Williams SL, Marcora SM et al. Are the benefits of a high‐intensity progressive resistance training program sustained in rheumatoid arthritis patients? A 3‐year followup study. Arthritis Care Res 2012; 64 (1): 71–5.
61. Lemmey AB, Marcora SM, Chester K et al. Effects of high‐intensity resistance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res 2009; 61 (12): 1726–34.
62. Rall LC, Meydani SN, Kehayias JJ et al. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39 (3): 415–26.
63. Waters DL, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ et al. Advantages of dietary, exercise-related, and therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat sarcopenia in adult patients: an update. Clin Interv Aging 2010; 5: 259–70.
64. Romas E. Bone loss in inflammatory arthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches with bisphosphonates. Best Pract Res Clin Rheum 2005; 19 (6): 1065–79.
65. Suzuki Y. Secondary osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates as a possible strategy for the prevention of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Calcium 2007; 17 (12): 1909–13.
66. Sambrook PN, Cameron ID, Chen JS et al. Oral bisphosphonates are associated with reduced mortality in frail older people: a prospective five-year study. Osteopor Int 2011; 22 (9): 2551–6.

А.А.Мурадянц*, Н.А.Шостак, А.А.Кондрашов, В.Т.Тимофеев

ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
*elitarsoft@list.ru

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A.A.Muradyants*, N.A.Shostak, A.A.Kondrashov, V.T.Timofeev

N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
*elitarsoft@list.ru