Печеночная энцефалопатия (ПЭ) – это частое осложнение и одно из наиболее тяжелых проявлений болезней печени, сильно ухудшающее качество жизни как самих пациентов, так и тех, кто за ними ухаживает. Кроме того, когнитивные нарушения, связанные с циррозом печени, приводят к более значительным затратам ресурсов здравоохранения у взрослых пациентов, чем какие-либо другие проявления болезней данного органа.
Цель исследования – изучить частоту встречаемости и степени ПЭ при развитии лекарственных поражений печени (ЛПП) во время проведения химиотерапии у больных раком молочной железы и раком яичников и пациентов с ревматоидным артритом, получающих длительную терапию метотрексатом, в зависимости от наличия сахарного диабета, и оценить эффективность лечения ПЭ при помощи L-орнитин-L-аспартата. Материалы и методы. В группы исследований вошли 52 женщины, больные раком яичников, и 53 – раком молочной железы, у которых на фоне химиотерапии развились ЛПП, а также 88 пациентов с ревматоидным артритом, у которых ЛПП развились на фоне длительной (более 5 лет) терапии метотрексатом. Степень ПЭ определялась с помощью шкалы West-Haven и теста на критическую частоту мельканий с использованием гепатоанализатора HepatonormTM (Германия) на 0-й (исходно) и 8-й (по окончании лечения) неделях исследования. Пациенты с ПЭ получали терапию L-орнитин-L-аспартатом по 1 пакетику гранул, предварительно растворенных в 200 мл жидкости, 3 раза в сутки. Результаты. ПЭ (в частности, минимальная ПЭ) – частое проявление ЛПП и в группе пациентов с ревматоидным артритом, длительно получающих терапию метотрексатом, и у пациенток, проходящих курсы химиотерапии по поводу рака молочной железы и рака яичников. Сахарный диабет является фактором риска ЛПП, отрицательно влияющим на степень ПЭ. Выводы. Лечение L-орнитин-L-аспартатом на протяжении 8 нед доказало свою эффективность в купировании проявлений ПЭ, что подтверждается результатами теста на критическую частоту мельканий.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication and one of the most debilitating manifestations of liver disease, severely affecting the lives of patients and their caregives. Furthermore, cognitive impairment associated with cirrhosis results in utilization of more health care resources in adults than other manifestations of liver disease.
The aim of the study: To study the incidence and degrees of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with drug-induced liver disease (DILD) during chemotherapy (CT) of breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving long-term methotrexate therapy, depending on the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), and evaluate the efficacy of HE treatment with L-Ornithine-L-aspartate. Materials and methods. The study groups included 52 patients with OC and 53 patients with breast cancer who developed DILD on the background of chemotherapy, as well as 88 patients with RA whose DILD developed on the background of long-term (more than 5 years) methotrexate therapy. The degree of hepatic encephalopathy was determined using the West-Haven scale and the critical flicker frequency test (CFF) using the HepatonormTM (Germany) hepatoanalyzer at 0 (initially) and 8 (at the end of the treatment) weeks of study. Patients with HE received L-ornithine-L-aspartate therapy for 1 packet of granules, previously dissolved in 200 ml of liquid, 3 times a day. Results. Hepatic encephalopathy (in particular, minimal HE) is a frequent manifestation of DILD in the group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been receiving long-term methotrexate therapy, and in patients undergoing CT for breast and ovarian cancer. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for DILD, which adversely affects the degree of HE. Conclusions. Treatment with L-ornithine-L-aspartate for 8 weeks proved to be effective in cupping of HE manifestations, which is confirmed by the results of CFF test.
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15. Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Sanyal AJ. Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2009; 50: 2014–21.
16. Bajaj JS, Pinkerton SD, Sanyal AJ, Heuman DM. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy to prevent motor vehicle accidents: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1164–71.
17. Lauridsen MM, Thiele M, Kimer N, Vilstrup H. The continuous reaction times method for diagnosing, grading, and monitoring minimal/covert hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28: 231–4.
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22. Romero-Gomez M, Cordoba J, Jover R et al. Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007; 45: 879–85.
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6. Cordoba J. New assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2011; 54:1030–40.
7. Cordoba J, Ventura-Cots M, Simon-Talero M et al. CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Characteristics, risk factors, and mortality of cirrhotic patients hospitalized for hepatic encephalopathy with and without acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Hepatol 2014; 60: 275–81.
8. Kaplan PW, Rossetti AO. EEG patterns and imaging correlations in encephalopathy: encephalopathy part II. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 28: 233–51.
9. Kliaritskaia I.L., Maksimova E.V. Izuchenie korreliatsii novogo metoda diagnostiki pechenochnoi entsefalopatii (kriticheskoi chastoty mel'kanii) s kliniko-laboratornymi metodami u onkobol'nykh na khimioterapii. Krymskii terapevt. zhurn. 2010; 1 (2): 148–52.[in Russian]
10. Bajaj JS, Schubert CM, Heuman DM et al. Persistence of cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 2332–40.
11. Riggio O, Ridola L, Pasquale C et al. Evidence of persistent cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 181–3.
12. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K et al. Hepatic encephalopathy – definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002; 35: 716–21.
13. Amodio P, Montagnese S, Gatta A, Morgan MY. Characteristics of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2004; 19: 253–67.
14. Montagnese S, De Pitta C, De Rui M et al. Sleep-wake abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2014; 59: 705–12.
15. Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Sanyal AJ. Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2009; 50: 2014–21.
16. Bajaj JS, Pinkerton SD, Sanyal AJ, Heuman DM. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy to prevent motor vehicle accidents: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1164–71.
17. Lauridsen MM, Thiele M, Kimer N, Vilstrup H. The continuous reaction times method for diagnosing, grading, and monitoring minimal/covert hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28: 231–4.
18. Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Franco J et al. Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1591–600.
19. Bajaj JS, Cordoba J, Mullen KD et al. Review article: the design of clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy – an International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) consensus statement. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 739–47.
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21. Bajaj JS. Management options for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 2: 785–90.
22. Romero-Gomez M, Cordoba J, Jover R et al. Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007; 45: 879–85.
23. Lauridsen MM, Jepsen P, Vilstrup H. Critical flicker frequency and continuous reaction times for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a comparative study of 154 patients with liver disease. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26: 135–9.
24. Kliaritskaia I.L., Maksimova E.V. Porazhenie pecheni u patsientov s sakharnym diabetom. Krymskii terapevt. zhurn. 2010; 2 (2): 8–13. [in Russian]
25. Maksimova E.V. Lekarstvennye porazheniia pecheni u bol'nykh rakom molochnoi zhelezy i rakom iaichnikov pri razlichnykh rezhimakh khimioterapii. Krymskii terapevt. zhurn. 2011; 1: 89–92. [in Russian]
Авторы
Е.В.Максимова*, И.Л.Кляритская
Медицинская академия им. С.И.Георгиевского ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И.Вернадского». 295006, Россия, Симферополь, б-р Ленина, д. 5/7
*HelenMaksimovatt@mail.ru
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E.V.Maksimova*, I.L.Kliaritskaia
S.I.Georgievsky Medical Academy of the V.I.Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
*HelenMaksimovatt@mail.ru