2. Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A et al. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96: 365–408. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015
3. Rejnmark L, Bislev LS, Cashman KD et al. Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data. PLoS ONE 2017; 12 (7): e0180512. DOI: org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180512
4. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 PA: 138–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003
5. Edwards MH, Cole ZA, Harvey NC, Cooper C. The global epidemiology of vitamin D status. J Aging Res Clin Pract 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jarcp.2014.26
6. Пигарова Е.А., Рожинская Л.Я., Белая Ж.Е. и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской ассоциации эндокринологов по диагностике, лечению и профилактике дефицита витамина D у взрослых. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2016; 62 (4): 60–84. DOI: 10.14341/probl201662460-84 / Pigarova E.A., Rozhinskaya L.Ya., Belaya Zh.E. et al. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problemu endokrinologii. 2016; 62 (4): 60–84. DOI: 10.14341/probl201662460-84 [in Russian]
7. Karonova T, Andreeva A, Nikitina I et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in the North-West region of Russia: A cross-sectional study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164: 230–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.026
8. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96 (7): 1911–30. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385
9. Белая Ж.Е., Белова К.Ю., Бордакова Е.В. и др. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение дефицита витамина D и кальция среди взрослого населения и у пациентов с остеопорозом. Рекомендации Российской ассоциации по остеопорозу. М., 2016. / Belaia Zh.E., Belova K.Yu., Bordakova E.V. i dr. Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie defitsita vitamina D i kal'tsiia sredi vzroslogo naseleniia i u patsientov s osteoporozom. Rekomendatsii Rossiiskoi assotsiatsii po osteoporozu. M., 2016. [in Russian]
10. Johnson JA, Grande JP, Roche PC et al. Immunohistochemical localization of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and calbidin D28k in human and rat pancreas. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: 356–60.
11. Lee S, Clark SA, Gill RK et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and pancreatic beta-cell function: vitamin D receptors, gene expression, and insulin secretion. Endocrinology 1994; 134 (4): 1602–10. DOI: 10.1210/endo.134.4.8137721
12. Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Sooy K et al. Expression of calbindin-D28k in a pancreatic Isletb-Cell line protects against cytokine-induced apoptosis and necrosis. Endocrinology 2001; 142 (8): 3649–55. DOI: 10.1210 / endo.142.8.8334
13. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance. J Biomed Biotech 2012; ID634195. DOI: 10.1155/2012/634195
14. Song Y, Wang L, Pittas AG et al. Blood 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (5): 14221428. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0962
15. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance. J Biomed Biotech 2012; ID634195. DOI: 10.1155/2012/634195
16. Bachali S, Dasu K, Ramalingam K, Naidu JN. Vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance in normal and type 2 diabetes subjects. Indian J Clin Bioch 2013; 28 (1): 74–8. DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0239-2
17. Maestro B, Campion J, Davila N, Calle C. Stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of insulin receptor expression and insulin responsiveness for glucose transport in U-937 human promonocytic cells. Endocrine J 2000; 47 (4): 383–91.
18. Begum N, Leitner W, Reusch JE et al. GLUT-4 phosphorylation and its intrinsic activity. Mechanism of Ca (2+)-induced inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. J Biol Chem 1993; 268 (5): 3352–6.
19. Каронова Т.Л., Шмонина И.А., Андреева А.Т. и др. Дефицит витамина D: причина или следствие ожирения? Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (4): 49–52. / Karonova T.L., Shmonina I.A., Andreeva A.T. et al. Vitamin D: the cause or the result of obesity? Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (4): 49–52. [in Russian]
20. Ishii H, Suzuki H, Baba T et al. Seasonal variation of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (8): 1503.
21. Liang WW. Seasonal changes in preprandial glucose, A1C, and blood pressure in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (10): 2501–2. 
22. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Care (2004); 27 (12): 2813–8.
23. Hyppönen E. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-I, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British cohort. Diabetes 2008; 57: 298–305.
24. Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (7): 1278–83.
25. Pittas AG, Chung M, Tricalinos T et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 307–14.
26. Randhawa FA, Mustafa S, Khan DM, Hamid S. Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on reduction in levels of HbA1 in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus having asymptomatic Vitamin D deficiency. Pakistan J Med Sci 2017; 33 (4); 881–5. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.12288
27. Mirhosseini N, Vatanparast H, Mazidi M, Kimball SM. The effect of improved serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D status on glycemic control in diabetic patients: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102 (9): 3097–10. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01024
28. Hyppönen E. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth–cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1500–3.
29. Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirillov G et al. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients Int. J Clin Pract 2003; 57 (4): 258–61.
30. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and b cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79 (5): 820–5.
31. Avenell AA, Cook JA, MacLennan GS et al. Vitamin D supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a randomized placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 5167438). Age Agening 2009; 38: 606–9.
32. Pittas AG. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (3): 650–6.

________________________________________________

1. Lai YH, Fang TC. The pleiotropic effect of vitamin D. ISRN nephrology 2013; Article ID 898125. DOI: 10.5402/2013/898125
2. Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A et al. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96: 365–408. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015
3. Rejnmark L, Bislev LS, Cashman KD et al. Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data. PLoS ONE 2017; 12 (7): e0180512. DOI: org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180512
4. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 PA: 138–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003
5. Edwards MH, Cole ZA, Harvey NC, Cooper C. The global epidemiology of vitamin D status. J Aging Res Clin Pract 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jarcp.2014.26
6. Pigarova E.A., Rozhinskaya L.Ya., Belaya Zh.E. et al. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problemu endokrinologii. 2016; 62 (4): 60–84. DOI: 10.14341/probl201662460-84 [in Russian]
7. Karonova T, Andreeva A, Nikitina I et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in the North-West region of Russia: A cross-sectional study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164: 230–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.026
8. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96 (7): 1911–30. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385
9. Belaia Zh.E., Belova K.Yu., Bordakova E.V. i dr. Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie defitsita vitamina D i kal'tsiia sredi vzroslogo naseleniia i u patsientov s osteoporozom. Rekomendatsii Rossiiskoi assotsiatsii po osteoporozu. M., 2016. [in Russian]
10. Johnson JA, Grande JP, Roche PC et al. Immunohistochemical localization of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and calbidin D28k in human and rat pancreas. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: 356–60.
11. Lee S, Clark SA, Gill RK et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and pancreatic beta-cell function: vitamin D receptors, gene expression, and insulin secretion. Endocrinology 1994; 134 (4): 1602–10. DOI: 10.1210/endo.134.4.8137721
12. Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Sooy K et al. Expression of calbindin-D28k in a pancreatic Isletb-Cell line protects against cytokine-induced apoptosis and necrosis. Endocrinology 2001; 142 (8): 3649–55. DOI: 10.1210 / endo.142.8.8334
13. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance. J Biomed Biotech 2012; ID634195. DOI: 10.1155/2012/634195
14. Song Y, Wang L, Pittas AG et al. Blood 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (5): 14221428. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0962
15. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance. J Biomed Biotech 2012; ID634195. DOI: 10.1155/2012/634195
16. Bachali S, Dasu K, Ramalingam K, Naidu JN. Vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance in normal and type 2 diabetes subjects. Indian J Clin Bioch 2013; 28 (1): 74–8. DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0239-2
17. Maestro B, Campion J, Davila N, Calle C. Stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of insulin receptor expression and insulin responsiveness for glucose transport in U-937 human promonocytic cells. Endocrine J 2000; 47 (4): 383–91.
18. Begum N, Leitner W, Reusch JE et al. GLUT-4 phosphorylation and its intrinsic activity. Mechanism of Ca (2+)-induced inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. J Biol Chem 1993; 268 (5): 3352–6.
19. Karonova T.L., Shmonina I.A., Andreeva A.T. et al. Vitamin D: the cause or the result of obesity? Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (4): 49–52. [in Russian]
20. Ishii H, Suzuki H, Baba T et al. Seasonal variation of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (8): 1503.
21. Liang WW. Seasonal changes in preprandial glucose, A1C, and blood pressure in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (10): 2501–2. 
22. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Care (2004); 27 (12): 2813–8.
23. Hyppönen E. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-I, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British cohort. Diabetes 2008; 57: 298–305.
24. Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (7): 1278–83.
25. Pittas AG, Chung M, Tricalinos T et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 307–14.
26. Randhawa FA, Mustafa S, Khan DM, Hamid S. Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on reduction in levels of HbA1 in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus having asymptomatic Vitamin D deficiency. Pakistan J Med Sci 2017; 33 (4); 881–5. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.12288
27. Mirhosseini N, Vatanparast H, Mazidi M, Kimball SM. The effect of improved serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D status on glycemic control in diabetic patients: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102 (9): 3097–10. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01024
28. Hyppönen E. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth–cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1500–3.
29. Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirillov G et al. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients Int. J Clin Pract 2003; 57 (4): 258–61.
30. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and b cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79 (5): 820–5.
31. Avenell AA, Cook JA, MacLennan GS et al. Vitamin D supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a randomized placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 5167438). Age Agening 2009; 38: 606–9.
32. Pittas AG. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (3): 650–6.

Т.Л.Каронова

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А.Алмазова» Минздрава России. 197341, Россия, Санкт-Петербург,  ул. Аккуратова, д. 2;
ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П.Павлова» Минздрава России. 197022,  Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6/8
karonova@mail.ru

________________________________________________

V.A.Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 197341, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, ul. Akkuratova, d. 2;
I.P.Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 197022, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg,  ul. L'va Tolstogo, 6/8
karonova@mail.ru