Электрокардиографические предикторы внезапной сердечной смерти

2. Внезапная сердечная смерть. Под ред. Е.В.Шляхто, Г.П.Арутюнова, Ю.Н.Беленкова, А.В.Ардашева. М.: Медпрактика-М, 2015. / Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert'. Pod red. E.V.Shliakhto, G.P.Arutiunova, Iu.N.Belenkova, A.V.Ardasheva. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2015. [in Russian]
3. Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP et al. Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 1254–61.
4. Wellens HJJ. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 1642–51.
5. Лебедев Д.С., Седов В.М., Немков А.С. и др. Имплантируемые устройства в лечении желудочковых тахиаритмий и сердечной недостаточности. СПб., 2005. / Lebedev D.S., Sedov V.M., Nemkov A.S. i dr. Implantiruemye ustroistva v lechenii zheludochkovykh takhiaritmii i serdechnoi nedostatochnosti. SPb., 2005. [in Russian]
6. Narayanan K, Chugh SS. The 12-lead electrocardiogram and risk of sudden death: current utility and future prospects. Europace 2015; 17: ii7–ii13.
7. Никитин А.Э., Гришаев С.Л., Свистов А.С., Никифоров В.С. Электрическая нестабильность миокарда: причины, диагностика, лечение. СПб.: ВиТ-Принт, 2010. / Nikitin A.E., Grishaev S.L., Svistov A.S., Nikiforov V.S. Elektricheskaia nestabil'nost' miokarda: prichiny, diagnostika, lechenie. SPb.: ViT-Print, 2010. [in Russian]
8. Abdelghani SA, Rosenthal TM, Morin DP. Surface Electrocardiogram Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Ochsner J 2016; 16 (3): 280–9.
9. Santangeli P, Muser D, Maeda S et al. Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation for the prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13 (7): 1552–9.
10. Marine JE, Shetty V, Chow GV et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in asymptomatic volunteers: BLSA (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 595–600.
11. Национальные российские рекомендации по применению методики холтеровского мониторирования в клинической практике. Рос. кардиологический журн. 2014; 2 (106): 6–71. / Natsional'nye rossiiskie rekomendatsii po primeneniiu metodiki kholterovskogo monitorirovaniia v klinicheskoi praktike. Ros. kardiologicheskii zhurn. 2014; 2 (106): 6–71. [in Russian]
12. Никифоров В.С., Никитин А.Э., Тыренко В.В., Свистов А.С. Ишемическая дисфункция миокарда. М.: АПКППРО, 2005. / Nikiforov V.S., Nikitin A.E., Tyrenko V.V., Svistov A.S. Ishemicheskaia disfunktsiia miokarda. M.: APKPPRO, 2005. [in Russian]
13. Soliman EZ, Elsalam MA, Li Y. The relationship between high resting heart rate and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in patients referred to ambulatory 24 h electrocardiographic recording. Europace 2010; 12 (2): 261–5.
14. Jouven X, Zureik M, Desnos M et al. Resting heart rate as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in middle-aged men. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 50: 373–8.
15. Zhang D, Shen X, Qi X. Resting heart rate and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: a metaanalysis. CMAJ 2016; 188 (3): E53–E63. 
16. Cale R, Mendes M, Brito J et al. Resting heart rate is a powerful predictor of arrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Rev Port Cardiol 2011; 30: 199–212.
17. Teodorescu C, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al. Resting heart rate and risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population: influence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart rate-modulating drugs. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10: 1153–8.
18. Makarov L, Kyrileva T, Chuprova S. Short PR interval, high circadian index and bradycardia – pattern with high risk of syncope and sudden death in children with catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia. Europ Heart J 2004; 25: 22–3.
19. Bauer A, Malik M, Schmidt G et al. Heart rate turbulence: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use: International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrophysiology Consensus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52 (17): 1353–65.
20. Watanabe MA. Heart rate turbulence: a review. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2003; 3 (1): 10–22. 
21. Francis J, Watanabe MA, Schmidt G. Heart rate turbulence: a new predictor for risk of sudden cardiac death. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2005; 10 (1): 102–9.
22. Morin DP, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M et al. QRS duration predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients undergoing intensive medical therapy: the LIFE study. Eur Heart J 2009; 30 (23): 2908–14.
23. Kurl S, Makikallio TH, Rautaharju P et al. Duration of QRS complex in resting electrocardiogram is a predictor of sudden cardiac death in men. Circulation 2012; 125: 2588–94.
24. Loring Z, Zareba W, McNitt S et al. ECG quantification of myocardial scar and risk stratification in MADIT-II. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013; 18: 427–35.
25. Das MK, Saha C, El Masry H et al. Fragmented QRS on a 12-lead ECG: a predictor of mortality and cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4 (11): 1385–92.
26. Gong B, Li Z. Total mortality, najor adverse cardiac events, and echocardiographic-derived cardiac parameters with fragmented QRS complex. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2016; 21 (4): 404–12.
27. Brenyo A, Pietrasik G, Barsheshet A et al. QRS fragmentation and the risk of sudden cardiac death in MADIT II. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 1343–8.
28. Terho HK, Tikkanen JT, Junttila JM et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of fragmented QRS complex in middle-aged subjects with and without clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114: 141–7.
29. Canpolat U, Kabakçi G, Aytemir K et al. Fragmented QRS complex predicts the arrhythmic events in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24 (11): 1260–6.
30. Pietrasik G, Zaręba W. QRS fragmentation: diagnostic and prognostic significance. Cardiol J 2012; 19 (2): 114–21.
31. Громова О.И., Александрова С.А., Макаренко В.Н., Голухова Е.З. Современные предикторы жизнеугрожающих аритмий. Креативная кардиология. 2012; 2: 30–46. / Gromova O.I., Aleksandrova S.A., Makarenko V.N., Golukhova E.Z. Sovremennye prediktory zhizneugrozhaiushchikh aritmii. Kreativnaia kardiologiia. 2012; 2: 30–46. [in Russian]
32. Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force Criteria. Eur Heart J 2010; 31 (7): 806–14.
33. Bauer A, Guzik P, Barthel P et al. Reduced prognostic power of ventricular late potentials in post-infarction patients of the reperfusion era. Eur Heart J 2005; 26 (8): и755–761.
34. Kitamura H, Ohnishi Y, Okajima K et al. Onset heart rate of microvolt-level T-wave alternans provides clinical and prognostic value in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39 (2): 295–300.
35. Bloomfield DM, Bigger JT, Steinman RC et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans and the risk of death or sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 456–63.
36. Verrier RL, Nieminen TT. Usefulness of T-wave alternans in sudden death risk stratification and guiding medical therapy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010; 15 (3): 276–88.
37. Exner DV, Kavanagh KM, Slawnych MP et al.; REFINE Investigators. Noninvasiverisk assessment early after a myocardial infarction: the REFINE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 2275–84.
38. Stein PK, Sanghavi D, Domitrovich PP et al. Ambulatory ECG-based T-wave alternans predicts sudden cardiac death in high-risk post-MI patients with left ventricular dysfunction in the EPHESUS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 1037–42.
39. Nieminen T, Lehtimaki T, Viik J et al. T-wave alternans predicts mortality in a population undergoing a clinically in dicated exercise test. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2332–7.
40. Sakaki K, Ikeda T, Miwa Y et al. Time-domain T-wave alternans measured from Holter electrocardiograms predicts cardiac mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: A prospective study. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 332–7.
41. Opthof T, Coronel R, Janse MJ. Is there a significant transmural gradient in repolarization time in the intact heart?: repolarization gradients in the intact heart. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2 (1): 89–96.
42. Taggart P, Sutton PM, Opthof T et al. Transmural repolarisation in the left ventricle in humans during normoxia and ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 50 (3): 454–62.
43. Gupta P, Patel C, Patel H et al. T(p-e)/QT ratio as an index of arrhythmogenesis. J Electrocardiol 2008; 41: 567–74.
44. Liu T, Brown BS, WuY et al. Blinded validation of the isolated arterially perfused rabbit ventricular wedge in preclinical assessment of drug-induced proarrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 948–56.
45. Panikkath R, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al. Prolonged Tpeak-to-tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4: 441–7.
46. Letsas KP, Weber R, Astheimer K et al. Tpeak-Tend interval and Tpeak-Tend/QT ratio as markers of ventricular tachycardia inducibility in subjects with Brugada ECG phenotype. Europace 2010; 12: 271–4.
47. Shimizu M, Ino H, Okeie K et al. T-peak to T-end interval may be a better predictor of high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with a cardiac troponin I mutation than QT dispersion. Clin Cardiol 2002; 25: 335–9.
48. Ali A, Butt N, Sheikh AS. Early repolarization syndrome: a cause of sudden cardiac death. World J Cardiol 2015; 7 (8): 466–75. 
49. Haïssaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F et al. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (19): 2016–23.
50. Tikkanen JT, Wichmann V, Junttila MJ et al. Association of early repolarization and sudden cardiac death during an acute coronary event. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5: 714–8.
51. Nunn LM, Bhar-Amato J, Lowe MD et al. Prevalence of J-point elevation in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome families. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58 (3): 286–90. 
52. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (28): 2159–219.
53. Marwick TH, Gillebert TC, Aurigemma G et al. Recommendations on the use of echocardiography in adult hypertension: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 16 (6): 577–605.
54. Wachtell K, Okin PM, Olsen MH et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy and reduction in sudden cardiac death: the LIFE Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 700–5.
55. Narayanan K, Reinier K, Teodorescu C et al. Electrocardiographic versus echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and sudden cardiac arrest in the community. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 1040–6.
56. Zhang Y, Post WS, Blasco-Colmenares E et al. Electrocardiographic QT interval and mortality: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2011; 22: 660–70. 
57. Chugh SS, Reinier K, Singh T et al. Determinants of prolonged QT interval and their contribution to sudden death risk in coronary artery disease: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. Circulation 2009; 119: 663–70.
58. Yang P, Kanki H, Drolet B et al. Allelic variants in long-QT disease genes in patients with drug-associated torsades de pointes. Circulation 2002; 105: 1943–8.

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1. Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (41): 2793–867.
2. Vnezapnaia serdechnaia smert'. Pod red. E.V.Shliakhto, G.P.Arutiunova, Iu.N.Belenkova, A.V.Ardasheva. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2015. [in Russian]
3. Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP et al. Sudden death in young adults: an autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 1254–61.
4. Wellens HJJ. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 1642–51.
5. Lebedev D.S., Sedov V.M., Nemkov A.S. i dr. Implantiruemye ustroistva v lechenii zheludochkovykh takhiaritmii i serdechnoi nedostatochnosti. SPb., 2005. [in Russian]
6. Narayanan K, Chugh SS. The 12-lead electrocardiogram and risk of sudden death: current utility and future prospects. Europace 2015; 17: ii7–ii13.
7. Nikitin A.E., Grishaev S.L., Svistov A.S., Nikiforov V.S. Elektricheskaia nestabil'nost' miokarda: prichiny, diagnostika, lechenie. SPb.: ViT-Print, 2010. [in Russian]
8. Abdelghani SA, Rosenthal TM, Morin DP. Surface Electrocardiogram Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Ochsner J 2016; 16 (3): 280–9.
9. Santangeli P, Muser D, Maeda S et al. Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation for the prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13 (7): 1552–9.
10. Marine JE, Shetty V, Chow GV et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in asymptomatic volunteers: BLSA (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 595–600.
11. Natsional'nye rossiiskie rekomendatsii po primeneniiu metodiki kholterovskogo monitorirovaniia v klinicheskoi praktike. Ros. kardiologicheskii zhurn. 2014; 2 (106): 6–71. [in Russian]
12. Nikiforov V.S., Nikitin A.E., Tyrenko V.V., Svistov A.S. Ishemicheskaia disfunktsiia miokarda. M.: APKPPRO, 2005. [in Russian]
13. Soliman EZ, Elsalam MA, Li Y. The relationship between high resting heart rate and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in patients referred to ambulatory 24 h electrocardiographic recording. Europace 2010; 12 (2): 261–5.
14. Jouven X, Zureik M, Desnos M et al. Resting heart rate as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in middle-aged men. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 50: 373–8.
15. Zhang D, Shen X, Qi X. Resting heart rate and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: a metaanalysis. CMAJ 2016; 188 (3): E53–E63. 
16. Cale R, Mendes M, Brito J et al. Resting heart rate is a powerful predictor of arrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Rev Port Cardiol 2011; 30: 199–212.
17. Teodorescu C, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al. Resting heart rate and risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population: influence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart rate-modulating drugs. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10: 1153–8.
18. Makarov L, Kyrileva T, Chuprova S. Short PR interval, high circadian index and bradycardia – pattern with high risk of syncope and sudden death in children with catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia. Europ Heart J 2004; 25: 22–3.
19. Bauer A, Malik M, Schmidt G et al. Heart rate turbulence: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use: International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrophysiology Consensus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52 (17): 1353–65.
20. Watanabe MA. Heart rate turbulence: a review. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2003; 3 (1): 10–22. 
21. Francis J, Watanabe MA, Schmidt G. Heart rate turbulence: a new predictor for risk of sudden cardiac death. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2005; 10 (1): 102–9.
22. Morin DP, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M et al. QRS duration predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients undergoing intensive medical therapy: the LIFE study. Eur Heart J 2009; 30 (23): 2908–14.
23. Kurl S, Makikallio TH, Rautaharju P et al. Duration of QRS complex in resting electrocardiogram is a predictor of sudden cardiac death in men. Circulation 2012; 125: 2588–94.
24. Loring Z, Zareba W, McNitt S et al. ECG quantification of myocardial scar and risk stratification in MADIT-II. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013; 18: 427–35.
25. Das MK, Saha C, El Masry H et al. Fragmented QRS on a 12-lead ECG: a predictor of mortality and cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4 (11): 1385–92.
26. Gong B, Li Z. Total mortality, najor adverse cardiac events, and echocardiographic-derived cardiac parameters with fragmented QRS complex. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2016; 21 (4): 404–12.
27. Brenyo A, Pietrasik G, Barsheshet A et al. QRS fragmentation and the risk of sudden cardiac death in MADIT II. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 1343–8.
28. Terho HK, Tikkanen JT, Junttila JM et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of fragmented QRS complex in middle-aged subjects with and without clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114: 141–7.
29. Canpolat U, Kabakçi G, Aytemir K et al. Fragmented QRS complex predicts the arrhythmic events in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24 (11): 1260–6.
30. Pietrasik G, Zaręba W. QRS fragmentation: diagnostic and prognostic significance. Cardiol J 2012; 19 (2): 114–21.
31. Gromova O.I., Aleksandrova S.A., Makarenko V.N., Golukhova E.Z. Sovremennye prediktory zhizneugrozhaiushchikh aritmii. Kreativnaia kardiologiia. 2012; 2: 30–46. [in Russian]
32. Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force Criteria. Eur Heart J 2010; 31 (7): 806–14.
33. Bauer A, Guzik P, Barthel P et al. Reduced prognostic power of ventricular late potentials in post-infarction patients of the reperfusion era. Eur Heart J 2005; 26 (8): и755–761.
34. Kitamura H, Ohnishi Y, Okajima K et al. Onset heart rate of microvolt-level T-wave alternans provides clinical and prognostic value in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39 (2): 295–300.
35. Bloomfield DM, Bigger JT, Steinman RC et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans and the risk of death or sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 456–63.
36. Verrier RL, Nieminen TT. Usefulness of T-wave alternans in sudden death risk stratification and guiding medical therapy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010; 15 (3): 276–88.
37. Exner DV, Kavanagh KM, Slawnych MP et al.; REFINE Investigators. Noninvasiverisk assessment early after a myocardial infarction: the REFINE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 2275–84.
38. Stein PK, Sanghavi D, Domitrovich PP et al. Ambulatory ECG-based T-wave alternans predicts sudden cardiac death in high-risk post-MI patients with left ventricular dysfunction in the EPHESUS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 1037–42.
39. Nieminen T, Lehtimaki T, Viik J et al. T-wave alternans predicts mortality in a population undergoing a clinically in dicated exercise test. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2332–7.
40. Sakaki K, Ikeda T, Miwa Y et al. Time-domain T-wave alternans measured from Holter electrocardiograms predicts cardiac mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: A prospective study. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 332–7.
41. Opthof T, Coronel R, Janse MJ. Is there a significant transmural gradient in repolarization time in the intact heart?: repolarization gradients in the intact heart. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2 (1): 89–96.
42. Taggart P, Sutton PM, Opthof T et al. Transmural repolarisation in the left ventricle in humans during normoxia and ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 50 (3): 454–62.
43. Gupta P, Patel C, Patel H et al. T(p-e)/QT ratio as an index of arrhythmogenesis. J Electrocardiol 2008; 41: 567–74.
44. Liu T, Brown BS, WuY et al. Blinded validation of the isolated arterially perfused rabbit ventricular wedge in preclinical assessment of drug-induced proarrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 948–56.
45. Panikkath R, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al. Prolonged Tpeak-to-tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4: 441–7.
46. Letsas KP, Weber R, Astheimer K et al. Tpeak-Tend interval and Tpeak-Tend/QT ratio as markers of ventricular tachycardia inducibility in subjects with Brugada ECG phenotype. Europace 2010; 12: 271–4.
47. Shimizu M, Ino H, Okeie K et al. T-peak to T-end interval may be a better predictor of high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with a cardiac troponin I mutation than QT dispersion. Clin Cardiol 2002; 25: 335–9.
48. Ali A, Butt N, Sheikh AS. Early repolarization syndrome: a cause of sudden cardiac death. World J Cardiol 2015; 7 (8): 466–75. 
49. Haïssaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F et al. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (19): 2016–23.
50. Tikkanen JT, Wichmann V, Junttila MJ et al. Association of early repolarization and sudden cardiac death during an acute coronary event. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5: 714–8.
51. Nunn LM, Bhar-Amato J, Lowe MD et al. Prevalence of J-point elevation in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome families. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58 (3): 286–90. 
52. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (28): 2159–219.
53. Marwick TH, Gillebert TC, Aurigemma G et al. Recommendations on the use of echocardiography in adult hypertension: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 16 (6): 577–605.
54. Wachtell K, Okin PM, Olsen MH et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy and reduction in sudden cardiac death: the LIFE Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 700–5.
55. Narayanan K, Reinier K, Teodorescu C et al. Electrocardiographic versus echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and sudden cardiac arrest in the community. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 1040–6.
56. Zhang Y, Post WS, Blasco-Colmenares E et al. Electrocardiographic QT interval and mortality: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2011; 22: 660–70. 
57. Chugh SS, Reinier K, Singh T et al. Determinants of prolonged QT interval and their contribution to sudden death risk in coronary artery disease: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. Circulation 2009; 119: 663–70.
58. Yang P, Kanki H, Drolet B et al. Allelic variants in long-QT disease genes in patients with drug-associated torsades de pointes. Circulation 2002; 105: 1943–8.

В.С.Никифоров*, К.В.Метсо

ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И.Мечникова» Минздрава России. 191015, Россия,  Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41
*viktor.nikiforov@szgmu.ru

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