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Пневмоцистная пневмония у пациентов без инфекции ВИЧ
Пневмоцистная пневмония у пациентов без инфекции ВИЧ
Белобородов В.Б. Пневмоцистная пневмония у пациентов без инфекции ВИЧ. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 21 (3): 27–32. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2019.3.190215
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Аннотация
Отмечается рост числа пациентов без инфекции ВИЧ, заболевших пневмоцистной пневмонии, Современные рекомендации по диагностике и лечению пневмоцистной пневмонии, в основном, разработаны для пациентов, инфицированных ВИЧ, и других пациентов с иммунными нарушениями: гематологических и реципиентов солидных органов. Однако имеется большое количество пациентов с различными иммунными нарушениями, для которых таких рекомендаций не существует. Основным препаратом для лечения всех пациентов с пневмоцистной пневмонией является триметоприм/сульфаметоксазол. Возможности микологической диагностики в рутинной клинической практике очень ограничены и требуют существенного расширения. Высокая вероятность возникновения вспышек пневмоцистной пневмонии у пациентов с иммунными нарушениями, например после трансплантации солидных органов или лечения аутоиммунных заболеваний, требует разработки современного алгоритма диагностики, рекомендаций по лечению и профилактике пневмоцистной пневмонии у пациентов без инфекции ВИЧ.
Ключевые слова: пневмоцистная пневмония, диагностика пневмоцистной пневмонии, лечение пневмоцистной пневмонии.
Ключевые слова: пневмоцистная пневмония, диагностика пневмоцистной пневмонии, лечение пневмоцистной пневмонии.
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The rates of pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) are increasing in the HIV-negative susceptible population. Guidance for the diagnostic and treatment of PcP in patients with HIV, hematologic, and solid-organ transplant recipients is available Although for many other populations with immune disorders there remains an urgent need for recommendations. The main drug for treatment of PcP is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The possibilities of mycological diagnosis in routine clinical practice are very limited and require significant expansion. Outbreaks PcP in immunocompromised patients, likely caused by human-to-human spread, is highlighting the need for efficient infection control policies, sensitive diagnostic assays and Guidance for treatment in not-HIV patients.
Key words: pneumocystis pneumonia, PcP therapy, PcP diagnosis.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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32. Williams KM, Ahn KW, Chen M et al. The incidence, mortality and timing of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplantation: A CIBMTR analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51: 573–80.
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34. Miller RF, Le Noury J, Corbett E et al. Pneumocystis carinii infection: Current treatment and prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 33–53.
35. Mu X-D, Jia P, Gao Li et al. Relationship between radiological stages and prognoses of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Non-AIDS immunocompromised patients. J Chin Med 2016; 129: 2020–5.
36. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
37. Vogel MN, Brodoefel H, Hierl T et al. Differences and similarities of cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients thin section CT morphology in the early phase of the disease. Br J Radiol 2007; 80: 516–23.
38. Salzer HJF, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M et al. Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Respiration 2018; 96: 52–65.
39. Vogel MN, Weissgerber P, Goeppert B et al. Accuracy of serum LDH elevation for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Swiss Med Wkly 2011; 141: w13184.
40. Nyamande K, Lalloo UG. Serum procalcitonin distinguishes CAP due to bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and PJP. Int J Tuberc Lund Dis 2006; 10: 510–5.
41. Schildgen V, Mai S, Khalfaoui S et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci can be productively cultured in differentiated CuFi-8 airway cells. Mbio 2014; 5: E01186–14.
42. Alanio A, Hauser PM, Lagrou K et al. 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-5), a joint venture of The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and The European LeukemiaNet (ELN). ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 2386–96.
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55. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. https://aidsetc.org/disclaimer
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57. Cushion MT, Collins MS. Susceptibility of Pneumocystis to echinocandins in suspension and biofilm cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 4513–8.
58. Wang LI, Liang H, Ye LI et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 683–7.
59. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar N, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
60. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y et al. A Four-Center Retrospective Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Low-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients without HIV Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2017; 61.
61. Suárez I, Roderus L, van Gumpel E et al. Low prevalence of DHFR and DHPS mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii strains obtained from a German cohort. Infection 2017; 45: 341–7.
2. Sepkowitz KA. Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1098–107.
3. Fei MW, Sant CA, Kim EJ et al. Severity and outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection: an observational cohort study. Scand J Infect Dis 2009; 41: 672–8.
4. Iriat X, Challan Belval T, Fillaux J et al. Risk factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ recipients in the era of the common use of post transplantation prophylaxis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 190–9.
5. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
6. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar А, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
7. Liu Y, Su L, Jiang SJ, Qu H. Risk factors for mortality from Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV patients: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 59729–39.
8. Vanek J, Jirovec O. Parasitic pneumonia. Interstitial plasma cell pneumonia of premature, caused by Pneumocystis carinii. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg 1952; 158: 120–7.
9. Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DJ et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80: 83–93.
10. Jarboui MA, Mseddi F, Sellami H et al. Pneumocystis: epidemiology and molecular approaches. Pathol Biol 2013; 61: 239–44.
11. Waks AG, Tolaney SM, Galar A et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in patients receiving neoadjuvant and adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy for breast cancer: incidence and risk factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154: 359–67.
12. Roux A, Canet E, Valade S et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without AIDS, France. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 1490–7.
13. Sun J, Su J, Xie Y et al. Plasma IL-6/IL-10 ratio and IL-8, LDH, and HBDH level predict the severity and the risk of death in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016: 1583951–10.
14. Antinori A, Maiuro G, Pallavicini F et al. Prognostic factors of early fatal outcome and long-term survival in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 183–9.
15. Fernandez P, Torres A, Miro JM et al. Prognostic factors influencing the outcome in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Thorax 1995; 50: 668–71.
16. Dworkin MS, Hanson DL, Navin TR. Survival of patients with AIDS, after diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the United States. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1409–12.
17. Schmidt J, Lueck C, Ziesing S et al. Clinical course, treatment and outcome of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a retrospective analysis over 17 years. Critical Care 2018; 22: 307.
18. Fillatre P, Decaux O, Jouneau S et al. Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. Am J Med 2014; 127: 1242.e11–7.
19. Bienvenu A-L, Traore K, Plekhanova I et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia suspected cases in 604 non-HIV and HIV patients. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46: 11–7.
20. Yu Q, Jia P, Su L et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of non- HIV patients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pulmonary CMV co-infection: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 392.
21. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Velegraki M et al. Predisposing factors, clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumonocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-negative patients. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20: 412–6.
22. Roblot F, Godet C, Le Moal G et al. Analysis of underlying diseases and prognosis factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised HIV-negative patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 523–31.
23. Datta S, Mahal S, Ravat V et al. Hospitalization Outcomes in Pneumocystis Pneumonia Inpatient Population: A Comparison between HIV and Non-HIV Patients. Cureus 2018; 10 (8): e3082.
24. Guo F, Chen Y, Yang S-L et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected and immunocompromised non-HIV infected patients: a retrospective study of two centers in China. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101943.
25. Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y et al. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001–2010. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 1149–55.
26. Rosen MJ, Clayton K, Schneider RF et al. Intensive care of patients with HIV infection: utilization, critical illnesses, and outcomes. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 67–71.
27. Boldt MJ, Bai TR. Utility of lactate dehydrogenase vs radiographic severity in the differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111: 1187–92.
28. White PL, Price JS, Backx M. Therapy and Management of Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection. J Fungi 2018; 4 (127): 266–86.
29. Maini R, Henderson KL, Sheridan EA et al. Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 2000–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 386–92.
30. Pegorie M, Denning DW, Welfare W. Estimating the burden of Invasive and Serious Fungal Disease in the United Kingdom. J Infect 2017; 74: 60–71.
31. Buchacz K, Lau B, Jing Y et al. Incidence of AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Infections in a Multicohort Analysis of HIV-infected Persons in the United States and Canada, 2000–2010. J Infect Dis 2016; 214: 862–72.
32. Williams KM, Ahn KW, Chen M et al. The incidence, mortality and timing of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplantation: A CIBMTR analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51: 573–80.
33. Iriat X, Challan Belval T. Fillaux Jet al. Risk factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ recipients in the era of the common use of post transplantation prophylaxis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 190–9.
34. Miller RF, Le Noury J, Corbett E et al. Pneumocystis carinii infection: Current treatment and prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 33–53.
35. Mu X-D, Jia P, Gao Li et al. Relationship between radiological stages and prognoses of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Non-AIDS immunocompromised patients. J Chin Med 2016; 129: 2020–5.
36. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
37. Vogel MN, Brodoefel H, Hierl T et al. Differences and similarities of cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients thin section CT morphology in the early phase of the disease. Br J Radiol 2007; 80: 516–23.
38. Salzer HJF, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M et al. Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Respiration 2018; 96: 52–65.
39. Vogel MN, Weissgerber P, Goeppert B et al. Accuracy of serum LDH elevation for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Swiss Med Wkly 2011; 141: w13184.
40. Nyamande K, Lalloo UG. Serum procalcitonin distinguishes CAP due to bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and PJP. Int J Tuberc Lund Dis 2006; 10: 510–5.
41. Schildgen V, Mai S, Khalfaoui S et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci can be productively cultured in differentiated CuFi-8 airway cells. Mbio 2014; 5: E01186–14.
42. Alanio A, Hauser PM, Lagrou K et al. 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-5), a joint venture of The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and The European LeukemiaNet (ELN). ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 2386–96.
43. Cruciani M, Marcati P, Malena M et al. Meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 982–9.
44. Summah H, Zhu Y-G, Falagas ME et al. Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immuncompromised patients: A meta-analysis. J Chin Med 2013; 126: 1965–73.
45. Fan L-C, Lu H-W, Cheng K-B et al. Evaluation of PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: E73099.
46. Sasso M, Chastang-Dumas E, Bastide S et al. Performances of four real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54: 625–30.
47. Karageorgopoulos DE, Qu JM, Korbila IP et al. Accuracy of D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: 39–49.
48. Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum 1,3-D-Glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, Invasive Candidiasis, and Invasive Aspergillosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 7–15.
49. Li WJ, Guo YL, Liu TJ et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia using serum (1-3)-D-Glucan:a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. Thorac Dis 2015; 7: 2214–25.
50. Damiani C, Le Gal S, Da Costa C et al. Combined quantification of pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA and serum (1-3)-D-glucan for differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis colonisation. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 3380–8.
51. Rose SR, Vallabhajosyula S, Velez MG et al. The utility of bronchoalveolar lavage -D-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Infect 2014; 69: 278–83.
52. Salerno D, Mushatt D, Myers L et al. Serum and BAL-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV positive patients. Respir Med 2014; 108: 1688–95.
53. White PL, Wingard JR, Bretagne S et al. Aspergillus Polymerase Chain Reaction: Systematic Review of Evidence for Clinical Use in Comparison with Antigen Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61: 1293–303.
54. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
55. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. https://aidsetc.org/disclaimer
56. Martin SI, Fishman JA, The AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Pneumocystis pneumonia in Solid organ transplantation. Am J Translant 2013; 13: 272–9.
57. Cushion MT, Collins MS. Susceptibility of Pneumocystis to echinocandins in suspension and biofilm cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 4513–8.
58. Wang LI, Liang H, Ye LI et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 683–7.
59. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar N, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
60. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y et al. A Four-Center Retrospective Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Low-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients without HIV Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2017; 61.
61. Suárez I, Roderus L, van Gumpel E et al. Low prevalence of DHFR and DHPS mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii strains obtained from a German cohort. Infection 2017; 45: 341–7.
2. Sepkowitz KA. Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1098–107.
3. Fei MW, Sant CA, Kim EJ et al. Severity and outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection: an observational cohort study. Scand J Infect Dis 2009; 41: 672–8.
4. Iriat X, Challan Belval T, Fillaux J et al. Risk factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ recipients in the era of the common use of post transplantation prophylaxis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 190–9.
5. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
6. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar А, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
7. Liu Y, Su L, Jiang SJ, Qu H. Risk factors for mortality from Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV patients: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 59729–39.
8. Vanek J, Jirovec O. Parasitic pneumonia. Interstitial plasma cell pneumonia of premature, caused by Pneumocystis carinii. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg 1952; 158: 120–7.
9. Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DJ et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80: 83–93.
10. Jarboui MA, Mseddi F, Sellami H et al. Pneumocystis: epidemiology and molecular approaches. Pathol Biol 2013; 61: 239–44.
11. Waks AG, Tolaney SM, Galar A et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in patients receiving neoadjuvant and adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy for breast cancer: incidence and risk factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154: 359–67.
12. Roux A, Canet E, Valade S et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without AIDS, France. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 1490–7.
13. Sun J, Su J, Xie Y et al. Plasma IL-6/IL-10 ratio and IL-8, LDH, and HBDH level predict the severity and the risk of death in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016: 1583951–10.
14. Antinori A, Maiuro G, Pallavicini F et al. Prognostic factors of early fatal outcome and long-term survival in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 183–9.
15. Fernandez P, Torres A, Miro JM et al. Prognostic factors influencing the outcome in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Thorax 1995; 50: 668–71.
16. Dworkin MS, Hanson DL, Navin TR. Survival of patients with AIDS, after diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the United States. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1409–12.
17. Schmidt J, Lueck C, Ziesing S et al. Clinical course, treatment and outcome of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a retrospective analysis over 17 years. Critical Care 2018; 22: 307.
18. Fillatre P, Decaux O, Jouneau S et al. Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. Am J Med 2014; 127: 1242.e11–7.
19. Bienvenu A-L, Traore K, Plekhanova I et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia suspected cases in 604 non-HIV and HIV patients. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46: 11–7.
20. Yu Q, Jia P, Su L et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of non- HIV patients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pulmonary CMV co-infection: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 392.
21. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Velegraki M et al. Predisposing factors, clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumonocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-negative patients. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20: 412–6.
22. Roblot F, Godet C, Le Moal G et al. Analysis of underlying diseases and prognosis factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised HIV-negative patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 523–31.
23. Datta S, Mahal S, Ravat V et al. Hospitalization Outcomes in Pneumocystis Pneumonia Inpatient Population: A Comparison between HIV and Non-HIV Patients. Cureus 2018; 10 (8): e3082.
24. Guo F, Chen Y, Yang S-L et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected and immunocompromised non-HIV infected patients: a retrospective study of two centers in China. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101943.
25. Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y et al. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001–2010. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 1149–55.
26. Rosen MJ, Clayton K, Schneider RF et al. Intensive care of patients with HIV infection: utilization, critical illnesses, and outcomes. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 67–71.
27. Boldt MJ, Bai TR. Utility of lactate dehydrogenase vs radiographic severity in the differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111: 1187–92.
28. White PL, Price JS, Backx M. Therapy and Management of Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection. J Fungi 2018; 4 (127): 266–86.
29. Maini R, Henderson KL, Sheridan EA et al. Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 2000–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 386–92.
30. Pegorie M, Denning DW, Welfare W. Estimating the burden of Invasive and Serious Fungal Disease in the United Kingdom. J Infect 2017; 74: 60–71.
31. Buchacz K, Lau B, Jing Y et al. Incidence of AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Infections in a Multicohort Analysis of HIV-infected Persons in the United States and Canada, 2000–2010. J Infect Dis 2016; 214: 862–72.
32. Williams KM, Ahn KW, Chen M et al. The incidence, mortality and timing of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplantation: A CIBMTR analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51: 573–80.
33. Iriat X, Challan Belval T. Fillaux Jet al. Risk factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ recipients in the era of the common use of post transplantation prophylaxis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 190–9.
34. Miller RF, Le Noury J, Corbett E et al. Pneumocystis carinii infection: Current treatment and prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 33–53.
35. Mu X-D, Jia P, Gao Li et al. Relationship between radiological stages and prognoses of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Non-AIDS immunocompromised patients. J Chin Med 2016; 129: 2020–5.
36. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
37. Vogel MN, Brodoefel H, Hierl T et al. Differences and similarities of cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients thin section CT morphology in the early phase of the disease. Br J Radiol 2007; 80: 516–23.
38. Salzer HJF, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M et al. Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Respiration 2018; 96: 52–65.
39. Vogel MN, Weissgerber P, Goeppert B et al. Accuracy of serum LDH elevation for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Swiss Med Wkly 2011; 141: w13184.
40. Nyamande K, Lalloo UG. Serum procalcitonin distinguishes CAP due to bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and PJP. Int J Tuberc Lund Dis 2006; 10: 510–5.
41. Schildgen V, Mai S, Khalfaoui S et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci can be productively cultured in differentiated CuFi-8 airway cells. Mbio 2014; 5: E01186–14.
42. Alanio A, Hauser PM, Lagrou K et al. 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-5), a joint venture of The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and The European LeukemiaNet (ELN). ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 2386–96.
43. Cruciani M, Marcati P, Malena M et al. Meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 982–9.
44. Summah H, Zhu Y-G, Falagas ME et al. Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immuncompromised patients: A meta-analysis. J Chin Med 2013; 126: 1965–73.
45. Fan L-C, Lu H-W, Cheng K-B et al. Evaluation of PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: E73099.
46. Sasso M, Chastang-Dumas E, Bastide S et al. Performances of four real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54: 625–30.
47. Karageorgopoulos DE, Qu JM, Korbila IP et al. Accuracy of D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: 39–49.
48. Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum 1,3-D-Glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, Invasive Candidiasis, and Invasive Aspergillosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 7–15.
49. Li WJ, Guo YL, Liu TJ et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia using serum (1-3)-D-Glucan:a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. Thorac Dis 2015; 7: 2214–25.
50. Damiani C, Le Gal S, Da Costa C et al. Combined quantification of pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA and serum (1-3)-D-glucan for differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis colonisation. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 3380–8.
51. Rose SR, Vallabhajosyula S, Velez MG et al. The utility of bronchoalveolar lavage -D-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Infect 2014; 69: 278–83.
52. Salerno D, Mushatt D, Myers L et al. Serum and BAL-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV positive patients. Respir Med 2014; 108: 1688–95.
53. White PL, Wingard JR, Bretagne S et al. Aspergillus Polymerase Chain Reaction: Systematic Review of Evidence for Clinical Use in Comparison with Antigen Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61: 1293–303.
54. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
55. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. https://aidsetc.org/disclaimer
56. Martin SI, Fishman JA, The AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Pneumocystis pneumonia in Solid organ transplantation. Am J Translant 2013; 13: 272–9.
57. Cushion MT, Collins MS. Susceptibility of Pneumocystis to echinocandins in suspension and biofilm cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 4513–8.
58. Wang LI, Liang H, Ye LI et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 683–7.
59. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar N, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
60. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y et al. A Four-Center Retrospective Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Low-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients without HIV Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2017; 61.
61. Suárez I, Roderus L, van Gumpel E et al. Low prevalence of DHFR and DHPS mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii strains obtained from a German cohort. Infection 2017; 45: 341–7.
________________________________________________
2. Sepkowitz KA. Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1098–107.
3. Fei MW, Sant CA, Kim EJ et al. Severity and outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection: an observational cohort study. Scand J Infect Dis 2009; 41: 672–8.
4. Iriat X, Challan Belval T, Fillaux J et al. Risk factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ recipients in the era of the common use of post transplantation prophylaxis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 190–9.
5. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
6. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar А, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
7. Liu Y, Su L, Jiang SJ, Qu H. Risk factors for mortality from Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV patients: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 59729–39.
8. Vanek J, Jirovec O. Parasitic pneumonia. Interstitial plasma cell pneumonia of premature, caused by Pneumocystis carinii. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg 1952; 158: 120–7.
9. Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DJ et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80: 83–93.
10. Jarboui MA, Mseddi F, Sellami H et al. Pneumocystis: epidemiology and molecular approaches. Pathol Biol 2013; 61: 239–44.
11. Waks AG, Tolaney SM, Galar A et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in patients receiving neoadjuvant and adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy for breast cancer: incidence and risk factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154: 359–67.
12. Roux A, Canet E, Valade S et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without AIDS, France. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 1490–7.
13. Sun J, Su J, Xie Y et al. Plasma IL-6/IL-10 ratio and IL-8, LDH, and HBDH level predict the severity and the risk of death in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016: 1583951–10.
14. Antinori A, Maiuro G, Pallavicini F et al. Prognostic factors of early fatal outcome and long-term survival in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 183–9.
15. Fernandez P, Torres A, Miro JM et al. Prognostic factors influencing the outcome in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Thorax 1995; 50: 668–71.
16. Dworkin MS, Hanson DL, Navin TR. Survival of patients with AIDS, after diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the United States. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1409–12.
17. Schmidt J, Lueck C, Ziesing S et al. Clinical course, treatment and outcome of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: a retrospective analysis over 17 years. Critical Care 2018; 22: 307.
18. Fillatre P, Decaux O, Jouneau S et al. Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients. Am J Med 2014; 127: 1242.e11–7.
19. Bienvenu A-L, Traore K, Plekhanova I et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia suspected cases in 604 non-HIV and HIV patients. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46: 11–7.
20. Yu Q, Jia P, Su L et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of non- HIV patients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pulmonary CMV co-infection: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 392.
21. Kofteridis DP, Valachis A, Velegraki M et al. Predisposing factors, clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumonocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-negative patients. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20: 412–6.
22. Roblot F, Godet C, Le Moal G et al. Analysis of underlying diseases and prognosis factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised HIV-negative patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 523–31.
23. Datta S, Mahal S, Ravat V et al. Hospitalization Outcomes in Pneumocystis Pneumonia Inpatient Population: A Comparison between HIV and Non-HIV Patients. Cureus 2018; 10 (8): e3082.
24. Guo F, Chen Y, Yang S-L et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected and immunocompromised non-HIV infected patients: a retrospective study of two centers in China. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101943.
25. Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y et al. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001–2010. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 1149–55.
26. Rosen MJ, Clayton K, Schneider RF et al. Intensive care of patients with HIV infection: utilization, critical illnesses, and outcomes. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 67–71.
27. Boldt MJ, Bai TR. Utility of lactate dehydrogenase vs radiographic severity in the differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111: 1187–92.
28. White PL, Price JS, Backx M. Therapy and Management of Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection. J Fungi 2018; 4 (127): 266–86.
29. Maini R, Henderson KL, Sheridan EA et al. Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 2000–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 386–92.
30. Pegorie M, Denning DW, Welfare W. Estimating the burden of Invasive and Serious Fungal Disease in the United Kingdom. J Infect 2017; 74: 60–71.
31. Buchacz K, Lau B, Jing Y et al. Incidence of AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Infections in a Multicohort Analysis of HIV-infected Persons in the United States and Canada, 2000–2010. J Infect Dis 2016; 214: 862–72.
32. Williams KM, Ahn KW, Chen M et al. The incidence, mortality and timing of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplantation: A CIBMTR analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51: 573–80.
33. Iriat X, Challan Belval T. Fillaux Jet al. Risk factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ recipients in the era of the common use of post transplantation prophylaxis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 190–9.
34. Miller RF, Le Noury J, Corbett E et al. Pneumocystis carinii infection: Current treatment and prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 33–53.
35. Mu X-D, Jia P, Gao Li et al. Relationship between radiological stages and prognoses of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Non-AIDS immunocompromised patients. J Chin Med 2016; 129: 2020–5.
36. White PL, Backx M, Barnes RA. Diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15: 435–47.
37. Vogel MN, Brodoefel H, Hierl T et al. Differences and similarities of cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients thin section CT morphology in the early phase of the disease. Br J Radiol 2007; 80: 516–23.
38. Salzer HJF, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M et al. Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Respiration 2018; 96: 52–65.
39. Vogel MN, Weissgerber P, Goeppert B et al. Accuracy of serum LDH elevation for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Swiss Med Wkly 2011; 141: w13184.
40. Nyamande K, Lalloo UG. Serum procalcitonin distinguishes CAP due to bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and PJP. Int J Tuberc Lund Dis 2006; 10: 510–5.
41. Schildgen V, Mai S, Khalfaoui S et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci can be productively cultured in differentiated CuFi-8 airway cells. Mbio 2014; 5: E01186–14.
42. Alanio A, Hauser PM, Lagrou K et al. 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-5), a joint venture of The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and The European LeukemiaNet (ELN). ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71: 2386–96.
43. Cruciani M, Marcati P, Malena M et al. Meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 982–9.
44. Summah H, Zhu Y-G, Falagas ME et al. Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immuncompromised patients: A meta-analysis. J Chin Med 2013; 126: 1965–73.
45. Fan L-C, Lu H-W, Cheng K-B et al. Evaluation of PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: E73099.
46. Sasso M, Chastang-Dumas E, Bastide S et al. Performances of four real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54: 625–30.
47. Karageorgopoulos DE, Qu JM, Korbila IP et al. Accuracy of D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: 39–49.
48. Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum 1,3-D-Glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, Invasive Candidiasis, and Invasive Aspergillosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 7–15.
49. Li WJ, Guo YL, Liu TJ et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia using serum (1-3)-D-Glucan:a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. Thorac Dis 2015; 7: 2214–25.
50. Damiani C, Le Gal S, Da Costa C et al. Combined quantification of pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA and serum (1-3)-D-glucan for differential diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis colonisation. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 3380–8.
51. Rose SR, Vallabhajosyula S, Velez MG et al. The utility of bronchoalveolar lavage -D-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Infect 2014; 69: 278–83.
52. Salerno D, Mushatt D, Myers L et al. Serum and BAL-D-glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV positive patients. Respir Med 2014; 108: 1688–95.
53. White PL, Wingard JR, Bretagne S et al. Aspergillus Polymerase Chain Reaction: Systematic Review of Evidence for Clinical Use in Comparison with Antigen Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61: 1293–303.
54. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
55. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. https://aidsetc.org/disclaimer
56. Martin SI, Fishman JA, The AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Pneumocystis pneumonia in Solid organ transplantation. Am J Translant 2013; 13: 272–9.
57. Cushion MT, Collins MS. Susceptibility of Pneumocystis to echinocandins in suspension and biofilm cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55: 4513–8.
58. Wang LI, Liang H, Ye LI et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 683–7.
59. Iriart X, Bouar ML, Kamar N, Berry A. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. J Fungi 2015; 1: 293–331.
60. Kosaka M, Ushiki A, Ikuyama Y et al. A Four-Center Retrospective Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Low-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients without HIV Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2017; 61.
61. Suárez I, Roderus L, van Gumpel E et al. Low prevalence of DHFR and DHPS mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii strains obtained from a German cohort. Infection 2017; 45: 341–7.
Авторы
В.Б.Белобородов
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
________________________________________________
Vladimir B. Beloborodov
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
vb_beloborodov@mail.ru
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
vb_beloborodov@mail.ru
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.