Традиционные и редкие причины ишемического инсульта у лиц 18–50 лет

1. Katan M, Luft A. Global Burden of Stroke. Semin Neurol. 2018; 38 (2): 208–11. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649503 
2. Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA. Global Burden of Stroke. Circ Res. 2017; 120 (3): 439–48. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413 
3. GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 2017; 16: 877–97. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30299-5
4. World Health Organization. Projections of mortality and causes of death, 2015 and 2030. Health statistics and information systems. 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE_DthGlobal_Proj_2015_2030.xls?ua=1. Accessed: 15.07.2013.
5. Aslanyan S, Weir CJ, Lees KR, et al. Effect of area-based deprivation on the severity, subtype, and outcome of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34: 2623–8. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000097610.12803.D7
6. Wu SH, Woo J, Zhang X-H. Worldwide socioeconomic status and stroke mortality: an ecological study. Int J Equity Health. 2013; 12: 42. DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-12-42
7. Béjot Y, Bailly H, Durier J, Giroud M. Epidemiology of stroke in Europe and trends for the 21st century. Presse Méd. 2016; 45: e391–8. 
8. Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15: 913–24.
9. Bejot Y, Daubail B, Jacquin A. Trends in the incidence of ischaemic stroke in young adults between 1985 and 2011: the Dijon stroke registry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85: 509–13. 
10. Griffiths D, Sturm J. Epidemiology and etiology of young stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2011; 2011: 1–9. 
11. Lo WD, Kumar R. Arterial ischemic stroke in children and young adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017; 23: 158–80.
12. Cabral NL, Freire AT, Conforto AB. Increase of stroke incidence in young adults in a middle-income country: a 10-year population-based study. Stroke. 2017; 48: 2925–30.
13. Putaala J, Martinez-Majander N, Saeed S, et al. Searching for Explanations for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Young: Revealing the Triggers, Causes, and Outcome (SECRETO): rationale and design. Eur Stroke J. 2017; 2: 116–25.
14. Putaala J. Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2020; 26 (2): 386–414. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000833
15. George MG. Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in Younger Adults – a Focused Update. Stroke. 2020; 51 (3): 729–35. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.024156 
16. Пизова Н.В., Скачкова О.А., Пизов Н.А., и др. Криптогенный инсульт в молодом возрасте: диагностические трудности и новые терапевтические возможности. Поликлиника. 2019; 3: 18–22 [Pizova NV, Skachkova OA, Pizov NA, et al. Kriptogennyi insul't v molodom vozraste: diagnosticheskie trudnosti i novye terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti. Poliklinika. 2019; 3: 18–22 (in Russian)].
17. Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Stroke. 1993; 24: 35–41.
18. Cerrato P, Grasso M, Imperiale D, et al. Stroke in young patients: etiopathogenesis and risk factors in different age classes. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004; 18: 154–9. DOI: 10.1159/000079735
19. Nedeltchev K, der Maur TA, Georgiadis D, et al. Ischaemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76: 191–5. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.040543
20. Rasura M, Spalloni A, Ferrari M, et al. A case series of young stroke in Rome. Eur J Neurol. 2006; 13: 146–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01159
21. Varona JF, Guerra JM, Bermejo F, et al. Causes of ischemic stroke in young adults, and evolution of the etiological diagnosis over the long term. Eur Neurol. 2007; 57: 212–18. DOI: 10.1159/000099161
22. Jovanovic DR, Beslac-Bumbasirevic L, Raicevic R, et al. Etiology of ischemic stroke among young adults of Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2008; 65: 803–9. DOI: 10.2298/VSP0811803J
23. Putaala J, Metso AJ, Metso TM, et al. Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki Young Stroke Registry. Stroke. 2009; 40 (4): 1195–203. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529883
24. Spengos K, Vemmos K. Risk factors, etiology, and outcome of first-ever ischemic stroke in young adults aged 15 to 45 – the Athens Young Stroke Registry. Eur J Neurol. 2010; 17 (11): 1358–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03065
25. Tancredi L, Martinelli Boneschi F, Braga M, et al. Stroke care in young patients. Stroke Res Treat. 2013; 2013: 715380. DOI: 10.1155/2013/715380
26. Barlas YN, Putaala J, Waje-Andreassen U, et al. Etiology of first ever ischaemic stroke in European young adults: the 15 Cities Young Stroke Study. Eur J Neurol. 2013; 20 (11): 1431–9. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12228
27. Singhal AB, Biller J, Elkind MS, et al. Recognition and management of stroke in young adults and adolescents. Neurology. 2013; 81: 1089–97. 
28. George MG, Tong X, Bowman BA. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and strokes in younger adults. JAMA Neurology. 2017; 74: 695–703. 
29. Kivioja R, Pietilä A, Martinez-Majander N, et al. Risk factors for early-onset ischemic stroke: a case-control study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; e009774. 
30. Aigner A, Grittner U, Rolfs A, et al. Contribution of established stroke risk factors to the burden of stroke in young adults. Stroke. 2017; 48: 1744–51. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016599
31. Putaala J, Yesilot N, Waje-Andreassen U, et al. Demographic and geographic vascular risk factor differences in European young adults with ischemic stroke: the 15 Cities Young Stroke Study. Stroke. 2012; 43: 2624–30.
32. Zhang YN, He L. Risk factors study of ischemic stroke in young adults in Southwest China. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012; 43: 553–7. 
33. Wu TY, Kumar A, Wong EH. Young ischaemic stroke in South Auckland: a hospital-based study. N Z Med J. 2012; 125: 47–56.
34. Tang M, Yao M, Zhu Y, et al. Sex differences of ischemic stroke in young adults – A single-center Chinese cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020; 29 (9): 105087. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105087
35. Renna R, Pilato F, Profice P, et al. Risk factor and etiology analysis of ischemic stroke in young adult patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014; 23 (3): e221–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.10.008
36. Calvet D. Ischemic stroke in the young adult. Rev Med Interne. 2016; 37 (1): 19–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.08.004
37. Mackay MT, Wiznitzer M, Benedict SL, et al. Arterial ischemic stroke risk factors: the International Pediatric Stroke Study. Ann Neurol. 2011; 69: 130–40.
38. Van Alebeek ME, Arntz RM, Ekker MS, et al. Risk factors and mechanisms of stroke in young adults: The FUTURE study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018; 38 (9): 1631–41. DOI: 10.1177/0271678X17707138
39. Maaijwee NA, Rutten-Jacobs LC, Schaapsmeerders P, et al. Ischaemic stroke in young adults: risk factors and long-term consequences. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014; 10: 315–25.
40. Rutten-Jacobs LC, Maaijwee NA, Arntz RM, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of young stroke. The FUTURE study: a prospective cohort study. Study rationale and protocol. BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 109.
41. Smajlović D. Strokes in young adults: epidemiology and prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2015; 11: 157–64. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S53203
42. Пизова Н.В. Редкие причины инсульта в молодом возрасте. Медицинский алфавит. 2016; 2 (14): 41–6 [Pizova NV. Redkie prichiny insul'ta v molodom vozraste. Meditsinskii alfavit. 2016; 2 (14): 41–6 (in Russian)]. 
43. Пизова Н.В. Ишемический инсульт и наследственные тромбофилические состояния. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2017; 11 (4): 71–80 [Pizova NV. Ishemicheskii insul't i nasledstvennye trombofilicheskie sostoianiia. Annaly klinicheskoi i eksperimental'noi nevrologii. 2017; 11 (4): 71–80 (in Russian)].

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1. Katan M, Luft A. Global Burden of Stroke. Semin Neurol. 2018; 38 (2): 208–11. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649503 
2. Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA. Global Burden of Stroke. Circ Res. 2017; 120 (3): 439–48. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413 
3. GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 2017; 16: 877–97. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30299-5
4. World Health Organization. Projections of mortality and causes of death, 2015 and 2030. Health statistics and information systems. 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE_DthGlobal_Proj_2015_2030.xls?ua=1. Accessed: 15.07.2013.
5. Aslanyan S, Weir CJ, Lees KR, et al. Effect of area-based deprivation on the severity, subtype, and outcome of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34: 2623–8. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000097610.12803.D7
6. Wu SH, Woo J, Zhang X-H. Worldwide socioeconomic status and stroke mortality: an ecological study. Int J Equity Health. 2013; 12: 42. DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-12-42
7. Béjot Y, Bailly H, Durier J, Giroud M. Epidemiology of stroke in Europe and trends for the 21st century. Presse Méd. 2016; 45: e391–8. 
8. Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15: 913–24.
9. Bejot Y, Daubail B, Jacquin A. Trends in the incidence of ischaemic stroke in young adults between 1985 and 2011: the Dijon stroke registry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85: 509–13. 
10. Griffiths D, Sturm J. Epidemiology and etiology of young stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2011; 2011: 1–9. 
11. Lo WD, Kumar R. Arterial ischemic stroke in children and young adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017; 23: 158–80.
12. Cabral NL, Freire AT, Conforto AB. Increase of stroke incidence in young adults in a middle-income country: a 10-year population-based study. Stroke. 2017; 48: 2925–30.
13. Putaala J, Martinez-Majander N, Saeed S, et al. Searching for Explanations for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Young: Revealing the Triggers, Causes, and Outcome (SECRETO): rationale and design. Eur Stroke J. 2017; 2: 116–25.
14. Putaala J. Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2020; 26 (2): 386–414. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000833
15. George MG. Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in Younger Adults – a Focused Update. Stroke. 2020; 51 (3): 729–35. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.024156 
16. Pizova NV, Skachkova OA, Pizov NA, et al. Kriptogennyi insul't v molodom vozraste: diagnosticheskie trudnosti i novye terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti. Poliklinika. 2019; 3: 18–22 (in Russian).
17. Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Stroke. 1993; 24: 35–41.
18. Cerrato P, Grasso M, Imperiale D, et al. Stroke in young patients: etiopathogenesis and risk factors in different age classes. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004; 18: 154–9. DOI: 10.1159/000079735
19. Nedeltchev K, der Maur TA, Georgiadis D, et al. Ischaemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76: 191–5. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.040543
20. Rasura M, Spalloni A, Ferrari M, et al. A case series of young stroke in Rome. Eur J Neurol. 2006; 13: 146–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01159
21. Varona JF, Guerra JM, Bermejo F, et al. Causes of ischemic stroke in young adults, and evolution of the etiological diagnosis over the long term. Eur Neurol. 2007; 57: 212–18. DOI: 10.1159/000099161
22. Jovanovic DR, Beslac-Bumbasirevic L, Raicevic R, et al. Etiology of ischemic stroke among young adults of Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2008; 65: 803–9. DOI: 10.2298/VSP0811803J
23. Putaala J, Metso AJ, Metso TM, et al. Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki Young Stroke Registry. Stroke. 2009; 40 (4): 1195–203. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529883
24. Spengos K, Vemmos K. Risk factors, etiology, and outcome of first-ever ischemic stroke in young adults aged 15 to 45 – the Athens Young Stroke Registry. Eur J Neurol. 2010; 17 (11): 1358–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03065
25. Tancredi L, Martinelli Boneschi F, Braga M, et al. Stroke care in young patients. Stroke Res Treat. 2013; 2013: 715380. DOI: 10.1155/2013/715380
26. Barlas YN, Putaala J, Waje-Andreassen U, et al. Etiology of first ever ischaemic stroke in European young adults: the 15 Cities Young Stroke Study. Eur J Neurol. 2013; 20 (11): 1431–9. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12228
27. Singhal AB, Biller J, Elkind MS, et al. Recognition and management of stroke in young adults and adolescents. Neurology. 2013; 81: 1089–97. 
28. George MG, Tong X, Bowman BA. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and strokes in younger adults. JAMA Neurology. 2017; 74: 695–703. 
29. Kivioja R, Pietilä A, Martinez-Majander N, et al. Risk factors for early-onset ischemic stroke: a case-control study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; e009774. 
30. Aigner A, Grittner U, Rolfs A, et al. Contribution of established stroke risk factors to the burden of stroke in young adults. Stroke. 2017; 48: 1744–51. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016599
31. Putaala J, Yesilot N, Waje-Andreassen U, et al. Demographic and geographic vascular risk factor differences in European young adults with ischemic stroke: the 15 Cities Young Stroke Study. Stroke. 2012; 43: 2624–30.
32. Zhang YN, He L. Risk factors study of ischemic stroke in young adults in Southwest China. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012; 43: 553–7. 
33. Wu TY, Kumar A, Wong EH. Young ischaemic stroke in South Auckland: a hospital-based study. N Z Med J. 2012; 125: 47–56.
34. Tang M, Yao M, Zhu Y, et al. Sex differences of ischemic stroke in young adults – A single-center Chinese cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020; 29 (9): 105087. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105087
35. Renna R, Pilato F, Profice P, et al. Risk factor and etiology analysis of ischemic stroke in young adult patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014; 23 (3): e221–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.10.008
36. Calvet D. Ischemic stroke in the young adult. Rev Med Interne. 2016; 37 (1): 19–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.08.004
37. Mackay MT, Wiznitzer M, Benedict SL, et al. Arterial ischemic stroke risk factors: the International Pediatric Stroke Study. Ann Neurol. 2011; 69: 130–40.
38. Van Alebeek ME, Arntz RM, Ekker MS, et al. Risk factors and mechanisms of stroke in young adults: The FUTURE study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018; 38 (9): 1631–41. DOI: 10.1177/0271678X17707138
39. Maaijwee NA, Rutten-Jacobs LC, Schaapsmeerders P, et al. Ischaemic stroke in young adults: risk factors and long-term consequences. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014; 10: 315–25.
40. Rutten-Jacobs LC, Maaijwee NA, Arntz RM, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of young stroke. The FUTURE study: a prospective cohort study. Study rationale and protocol. BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 109.
41. Smajlović D. Strokes in young adults: epidemiology and prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2015; 11: 157–64. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S53203
42. Pizova NV. Redkie prichiny insul'ta v molodom vozraste. Meditsinskii alfavit. 2016; 2 (14): 41–6 (in Russian). 
43. Pizova NV. Ishemicheskii insul't i nasledstvennye trombofilicheskie sostoianiia. Annaly klinicheskoi i eksperimental'noi nevrologii. 2017; 11 (4): 71–80 (in Russian).

Н.А. Пизов, О.А. Скачкова, Н.В. Пизова, Н.С. Баранова

ФГБОУ ВО «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Ярославль, Россия

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Nikolai A. Pizov, Olga A. Skachkova, Nataliia V. Pizova, Natalia S. Baranova

Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia