Пандемия COVID-19, вызванная вирусом SARS-CoV-2, началась в марте 2020 г. и продолжается по настоящее время. Вирус чаще всего поражает дыхательную систему; на сегодняшний день есть данные о возможном поражении сердца, кожи, почек, центральной нервной системы при этом заболевании. В связи с этим большой интерес представляет изучение неврологических особенностей COVID-19, в основном – развития когнитивных расстройств или усиления выраженности уже существующих когнитивных нарушений. В настоящем обзоре приводятся последние данные о взаимосвязи COVID-19 и когнитивных нарушений, предположительная этиология, патогенез и основные клинические проявления когнитивных расстройств, а также обсуждаются возможные стратегии лечения когнитивных нарушений после перенесенного COVID-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began in March 2020 and continues to the present. The virus most often affects the respiratory system; to date, there is evidence of possible damage to the heart, skin, kidneys, central nervous system in this disease. In this regard, it is of great interest to study the neurological features of COVID-19, in particular, the development of cognitive disorders or the increase in the severity of already existing cognitive impairments. This review provides the latest data on the relationship of COVID-19 and cognitive impairment, the proposed etiology, pathogenesis and main clinical manifestations of cognitive disorders, and also discusses possible strategies for the treatment of cognitive impairment after suffering COVID-19.
1. Tarantola D, Dasgupta N. COVID-19 Surveillance Data: A Primer for Epidemiology and Data Science. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(4):614-9. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2020.306088
2. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323:1239-42. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
3. Tsai ST, Lu MK, San S, Tsai CH. The neurologic manifestations of Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a systemic review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:498. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2020.00498
4. Pinzon RT, Wijaya VO, Buana RB, et al. Neurologic characteristics in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:565. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2020.00565
5. Pajo AT, Espiritu AI, Apor ADAO, Jamora RDG. Neuropathologic findings of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(4):1255-66.
DOI:10.1007/s10072-021-05068-7
6. Kantonen J, Mahzabin S, Mäyränpää MI, et al. Neuropathologic features of four autopsied COVID-19 patients. Brain Pathol. 2020;30(6):1012-6. DOI:10.1111/bpa.12889
7. Fabbri VP, Foschini MP, Lazzarotto T, et al. Brain ischemic injury in COVID-19-infected patients: a series of 10 post-mortem cases. Brain Pathol. 2021;31(1):205-10. DOI:10.1111/bpa.12901
8. Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Neuropathological Features of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):989. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2019373
9. Matschke J, Lütgehetmann M, Hagel C, et al. Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(11):919-29. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30308-2
10. Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005;202(3):415-24. DOI:10.1084/jem.20050828
11. Bodro M, Compta Y, Sánchez-Valle R. Presentations and mechanisms of CNS disorders related to COVID-19. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(1):e923. DOI:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000923
12. Parra JED, Montoya DD, Peláez FJC. COVID-19 also Affects the Nervous System by One of its Gates: The Vascular Organ of Lamina Terminalis and the Olfactory Nerve. Neurological Alert, Dysosmia or Anosmia Test Can Help to A Quick Diagnosis. Int J Odontostomat. 2020;14(3):285-7. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2020000300285
13. Jiao L, Yang Y, Yu W, et al. The olfactory route is a potential way for SARS-CoV-2 to invade the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:169. DOI:10.1038/s41392-021-00591-7
14. Frontera JA, Boutajangout A, Masurkar AV, et al. Comparison of serum neurodegenerative biomarkers among hospitalized COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer’s dementia. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2022;89(3):610-6. DOI:10.1002/alz.12556
15. Sutter R, Hert L, De Marchis GM, et al. Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in the Intensive Care Unit: Comparison between Severely Ill Patients with and without Coronavirus Disease 2019. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(3):610-6. DOI:10.1002/ana.26004
16. Aamodt AH, Høgestøl EA, Popperud TH, et al. Blood neurofilament light concentration at admittance: a potential prognostic marker in COVID-19. J Neurol. 2021;268(10):3574-83. DOI:10.1007/s00415-021-10517-6
17. Prudencio M, Erben Y, Marquez CP, et al. Serum neurofilament light protein correlates with unfavorable clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.abi7643
18. Sun B, Tang N, Peluso MJ, et al. Characterization and Biomarker Analyses of Post-COVID-19 Complications and Neurological Manifestations. Cells. 2021;10(2):386. DOI:10.3390/cells10020386
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20. Vanderlind WM, Rabinovitz BB, Miao IY, et al. A systematic review of neuropsychological and psychiatric sequalae of COVID-19: implications for treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34:420-33. DOI:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000713
21. Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sotoca J, et al. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020;9:100163. DOI:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100163
22. Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, et al. Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2268-70. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2008597
23. Zhou H, Lu S, Chen J, et al. The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;129:98-102. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022
24. Townsend L, Dyer AH, Jones K, et al. Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0240784. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0240784
25. Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, et al. COVID-19–associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E119-20. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2020201187
26. Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, et al. A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062
27. Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:e60. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2009787
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36. de Graaf MA, Antoni ML, Ter Kuile MM, et al. Short-term outpatient follow-up of COVID-19 patients: a multidisciplinary approach. E Clinical Medicine. 2021;32:100731. DOI:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100731
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40. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet. 2021;397:220-32.
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1. Tarantola D, Dasgupta N. COVID-19 Surveillance Data: A Primer for Epidemiology and Data Science. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(4):614-9. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2020.306088
2. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323:1239-42. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
3. Tsai ST, Lu MK, San S, Tsai CH. The neurologic manifestations of Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a systemic review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:498. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2020.00498
4. Pinzon RT, Wijaya VO, Buana RB, et al. Neurologic characteristics in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:565. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2020.00565
5. Pajo AT, Espiritu AI, Apor ADAO, Jamora RDG. Neuropathologic findings of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(4):1255-66.
DOI:10.1007/s10072-021-05068-7
6. Kantonen J, Mahzabin S, Mäyränpää MI, et al. Neuropathologic features of four autopsied COVID-19 patients. Brain Pathol. 2020;30(6):1012-6. DOI:10.1111/bpa.12889
7. Fabbri VP, Foschini MP, Lazzarotto T, et al. Brain ischemic injury in COVID-19-infected patients: a series of 10 post-mortem cases. Brain Pathol. 2021;31(1):205-10. DOI:10.1111/bpa.12901
8. Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Neuropathological Features of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):989. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2019373
9. Matschke J, Lütgehetmann M, Hagel C, et al. Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(11):919-29. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30308-2
10. Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005;202(3):415-24. DOI:10.1084/jem.20050828
11. Bodro M, Compta Y, Sánchez-Valle R. Presentations and mechanisms of CNS disorders related to COVID-19. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(1):e923. DOI:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000923
12. Parra JED, Montoya DD, Peláez FJC. COVID-19 also Affects the Nervous System by One of its Gates: The Vascular Organ of Lamina Terminalis and the Olfactory Nerve. Neurological Alert, Dysosmia or Anosmia Test Can Help to A Quick Diagnosis. Int J Odontostomat. 2020;14(3):285-7. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2020000300285
13. Jiao L, Yang Y, Yu W, et al. The olfactory route is a potential way for SARS-CoV-2 to invade the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:169. DOI:10.1038/s41392-021-00591-7
14. Frontera JA, Boutajangout A, Masurkar AV, et al. Comparison of serum neurodegenerative biomarkers among hospitalized COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer’s dementia. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2022;89(3):610-6. DOI:10.1002/alz.12556
15. Sutter R, Hert L, De Marchis GM, et al. Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in the Intensive Care Unit: Comparison between Severely Ill Patients with and without Coronavirus Disease 2019. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(3):610-6. DOI:10.1002/ana.26004
16. Aamodt AH, Høgestøl EA, Popperud TH, et al. Blood neurofilament light concentration at admittance: a potential prognostic marker in COVID-19. J Neurol. 2021;268(10):3574-83. DOI:10.1007/s00415-021-10517-6
17. Prudencio M, Erben Y, Marquez CP, et al. Serum neurofilament light protein correlates with unfavorable clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.abi7643
18. Sun B, Tang N, Peluso MJ, et al. Characterization and Biomarker Analyses of Post-COVID-19 Complications and Neurological Manifestations. Cells. 2021;10(2):386. DOI:10.3390/cells10020386
19. Altuna M, Sánchez-Saudinós MD, Lleó A. Cognitive symptoms after COVID-19. Neurology perspectives. 2021;1:16-24. DOI:10.1016/j.neurop.2021.10.005
20. Vanderlind WM, Rabinovitz BB, Miao IY, et al. A systematic review of neuropsychological and psychiatric sequalae of COVID-19: implications for treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34:420-33. DOI:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000713
21. Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sotoca J, et al. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020;9:100163. DOI:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100163
22. Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, et al. Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2268-70. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2008597
23. Zhou H, Lu S, Chen J, et al. The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;129:98-102. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022
24. Townsend L, Dyer AH, Jones K, et al. Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0240784. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0240784
25. Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, et al. COVID-19–associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E119-20. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2020201187
26. Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, et al. A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062
27. Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:e60. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2009787
28. Lyden P. Temporary Emergency Guidance to US Stroke Centers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Stroke. 2020;51(6):1910-2. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030023
29. Ntaios G, Pearce LA, Veltkamp R, et al. Potential Embolic Sources and Outcomes in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source in the NAVIGATE-ESUS Trial. Stroke. 2020;51(6):1797-804. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028669
30. Ahmadi Karvigh S, Vahabizad F, Banihashemi G, et al. Ischemic Stroke in Patients with COVID-19 Disease: A Report of 10 Cases from Iran. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;50(2):239-44. DOI:10.1159/000513279
31. Cavallieri F, Marti A, Fasano A, et al. Prothrombotic state induced by COVID-19 infection as trigger for stroke in young patients: A dangerous association. eNeurologicalSci. 2020;20:100247. DOI:10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100247
32. Crivelli L, Palmer K, Calandri I, et al. Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2022;4(10):e2130645. DOI:10.1002/alz.12644
33. Becker JH, Lin JJ, Doernberg M, et al. Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients After COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(10):e2130645. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645
34. Hampshire A, Trender W, Chamberlain SR, et al. Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19. E Clinical Medicine. 2021;39:101044. DOI:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101044
35. Alonso-Lana S, Marquié M, Ruiz A, Boada M. Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19 and Effects on Elderly Individuals with Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:588872. DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2020.588872
36. de Graaf MA, Antoni ML, Ter Kuile MM, et al. Short-term outpatient follow-up of COVID-19 patients: a multidisciplinary approach. E Clinical Medicine. 2021;32:100731. DOI:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100731
37. Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;101:93-135. DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020
38. Stallmach A, Kesselmeier M, Bauer M, et al. Comparison of fatigue, cognitive dysfunction and psychological disorders in post-COVID patients and patients after sepsis: is there a specific constellation? Infection. 2022;46:39-48. DOI:10.1007/s15010-021-01733-3
39. Miskowiak K, Johnsen S, Sattler S, et al. Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: Pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;46:39-48. DOI:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019
40. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet. 2021;397:220-32.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8
41. Serrano-Castro PJ, Garzón-Maldonado FJ, Casado-Naranjo I, et al. The cognitive and psychiatric subacute impairment in severe Covid-19. Sci Rep. 2022;12:3563. DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-07559-9
42. Undurraga EA, Chowell G, Mizumoto K. COVID-19 case fatality risk by age and gender in a high testing setting in Latin America: Chile, March–August 2020. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10:11. DOI:10.1186/s40249-020-00785-1
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