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Функциональный запор у детей
Функциональный запор у детей
Vandenplas Y, Levy E, Lemmens R, Devreker T. Функциональный запор у детей. Педиатрия (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2017; 1: 50–57.
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Аннотация
Цель данного обзора – суммировать все известные на сегодняшний день данные о функциональных запорах (ФЗ) у детей и понять, какие вопросы до сих пор бросают вызов врачам касательно эпидемиологии, патофизиологии, диагностики и лечения ФЗ. Несмотря на то что ФЗ – довольно часто встречающаяся проблема, их распространенность в мире неизвестна, поскольку эпидемиологические данные по некоторым регионам отсутствуют. Другая проблема заключается в том, что данные о распространенности очень разнятся, так как используются разные методы исследований и возрастные группы. Механизмы развития ФЗ до сих пор до конца не известны, однако возможно влияние многих факторов. Волевое удержание стула считается главной причиной ФЗ у детей дошкольного и школьного возраста. Генетическая предрасположенность также вероятно играет роль, поскольку у многих пациентов имеется соответствующий семейный анамнез, тем не менее генетические мутации, связанные с ФЗ, не выявлены. За последние годы было предложено несколько критериев диагностики ФЗ у детей школьного и дошкольного возраста. В 2016 г. были опубликованы Римские критерии IV. В сравнении с Римскими критериями III в последней редакции исключены 2 диагностических критерия у детей до 4 лет, у которых используются подгузники. Помимо тщательного сбора анамнеза и осмотра, другие исследования, такие как абдоминальная рентгенография, ультразвуковое исследование толстой кишки, исследование времени толстокишечного транзита, ректальная биопсия и манометрия толстой кишки, не рекомендуются в рутинной практике. Что касается лечения, руководства рекомендуют освобождение толстой кишки от каловых масс и поддерживающую терапию с применением полиэтиленгликоля (ПЭГ) с электролитами или без них. Однако практика показывает, что приемлемость, приверженность лечению и переносимость терапии ПЭГ проблематичны. Проведением консультаций родителей и детей по поводу ФЗ часто пренебрегают. Недавние исследования показывают, что коррекция поведения в сочетании с применением слабительных средств помогает избавиться от симптомов. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования, чтобы получить более определенные результаты, в том числе исследования на уровне оказания первичной медицинской помощи.
Ключевые слова: функциональный запор, дети, эпидемиология, патофизиология, диагностика, лечение.
Although FC is a common childhood problem, its global burden remains unknown as data from parts of the world are missing. Another problem is that there is a large variation in prevalence due to differences in study methods and defining age groups. The pathophysiology of FC remains unclear until now, but is probably multifactorial. Withholding behaviour is likely to be the most important factor in toddlers and young children. Genetics may also play a role since many patients have positive family history, but mutations in genes associated with FC have not been found. Over the past years, different diagnostic criteria for FC in infants and children have been proposed. This year Rome IV criteria have been released. Compared to Rome III, it eliminates two diagnostic criteria in children under the age of 4 who still wear diapers. Except taking a good medical history and physical examination, other investigations such as abdominal radiography, trans abdominal recto-ultrasonography, colonic transit time, rectal biopsies and colon manometry are not routinely recommended. Regarding treatment, guidelines recommend disimpaction and maintenance therapy with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with or without electrolytes. But experience learns that acceptability, adherence and tolerance to PEG are still a challenge. Counselling of child and parents about causes of FC is often neglected. Recent studies suggest behaviour therapy added to laxative therapy improves relieve of symptoms. Further homogenous studies, better-defined outcomes and studies conducted in primary care are needed.
Key words: functional constipation, children, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, treatment.
Ключевые слова: функциональный запор, дети, эпидемиология, патофизиология, диагностика, лечение.
________________________________________________
Although FC is a common childhood problem, its global burden remains unknown as data from parts of the world are missing. Another problem is that there is a large variation in prevalence due to differences in study methods and defining age groups. The pathophysiology of FC remains unclear until now, but is probably multifactorial. Withholding behaviour is likely to be the most important factor in toddlers and young children. Genetics may also play a role since many patients have positive family history, but mutations in genes associated with FC have not been found. Over the past years, different diagnostic criteria for FC in infants and children have been proposed. This year Rome IV criteria have been released. Compared to Rome III, it eliminates two diagnostic criteria in children under the age of 4 who still wear diapers. Except taking a good medical history and physical examination, other investigations such as abdominal radiography, trans abdominal recto-ultrasonography, colonic transit time, rectal biopsies and colon manometry are not routinely recommended. Regarding treatment, guidelines recommend disimpaction and maintenance therapy with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with or without electrolytes. But experience learns that acceptability, adherence and tolerance to PEG are still a challenge. Counselling of child and parents about causes of FC is often neglected. Recent studies suggest behaviour therapy added to laxative therapy improves relieve of symptoms. Further homogenous studies, better-defined outcomes and studies conducted in primary care are needed.
Key words: functional constipation, children, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, treatment.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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23. Burgers R, Levin AD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: comparing the Rome II with the Rome III criteria. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (4): 615–20, e611.
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25. Ghanma A, Puttemans K, Deneyer M et al. Amsterdam infant stool scale is more useful for assessing children who have not been toilet trained than Bristol stool scale. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103 (2): e91–2.
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29. Berger MY, Tabbers MM, Kurver MJ et al. Value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time, and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (1): 44–50, e41–2.
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32. Freedman SB, Thull-Freedman J, Manson D et al. Pediatric abdominal radiograph use, constipation, and significant misdiagnoses. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (1): 83–8, e82.
33. Modin L, Dalby K, Walsted AM, Jakobsen M. Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of rectal diameter is dependent on time to defecation in constipated children. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51 (9): 875–80.
34. Rodriguez L, Sood M, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M. An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12944
35. Bekkali NL, van den Berg MM, Dijkgraaf MG et al. Rectal fecal impaction treatment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG. Pediatrics 2009; 124 (6): e1108–15.
36. Miller MK, Dowd MD, Friesen CA, Walsh-Kelly CM. A randomized trial of enema versus polyethylene glycol 3350 for fecal disimpaction in children presenting to an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28 (2): 115–9.
37. Savino F, Maiullari E, Di Nardo G et al. Efficacy and tolerability of peg-only laxative on faecal impaction and chronic constipation in children. A controlled double blind randomized study vs a standard peg-electrolyte laxative. BMC Pediatrics 2012; 12.
38. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, Berger MY. Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis and predictive factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50 (3) 256–68.
39. Bongers ME, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, Benninga MA. Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 2010; 126 (1): e156–62.
40. Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (1): 232–42.
41. Gordon MJ, Parker CE, Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016.
42. Llerena E, Pujol MG, Hernandez HK et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes in the treatment of chronic constipation. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016; 85 (1): 34–40.
43. Van Wering HM TM, Benninga MA. Are constipation drugs effective and safe to be used in children? A review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11 (1): 71–82.
44. SH B. Long-term safety of PEG 4000 in children with chronic functional constipation: A biochemical perspective. Korean J Pediatr 2010; 53 (7): 741–4.
45. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
46. Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of Functional Constipation in Children: Therapy in Practice. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17 (5): 349–60.
47. Ormarsson OT, Asgrimsdottir GM, Loftsson T et al. Free fatty acid suppositories are as effective as docusate sodium and sorbitol enemas in treating constipation in children. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (6): 689–94.
48. Hansen SE, Whitehill JL, Goto CS et al. Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas compared with sodium phosphate enemas for the treatment of constipation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27 (12): 1118–20.
49. Ladenhauf HN, Stundner O, Spreitzhofer F, Deluggi S. Severe hyperphosphatemia after administration of sodium-phosphate containing laxatives in children: case series and systematic review of literature. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28 (8): 805–14.
50. Hyman PE, Di Lorenzo C, Prestridge LL. Lubiprostone for the treatment of functional constipation in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrit 2014; 58 (3): 283–91.
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53. Koppen IJ, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Is There A Role for Pre-, Pro- and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Functional Constipation in Children? A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63 (Suppl. 1): S27–35.
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2. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg MA. Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; pii: S0022–3476(16)30056.
3. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediat 2014; 164 (3): 542–5, e541.
4. Lu PL, Saps M. Gender, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-Based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016.
5. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a school-based study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–6.
6. Zhang SC, Qu RB, Su PJ et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
7. Walter HA, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM et al. OP-1 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
8. Bhatia V, Seth S, Kapoor A et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders among adolescents in Delhi based on Rome III criteria: A school-based survey. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016.
9. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and Health Outcomes of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Infants From Birth to 12 Months of Age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (5): 531–7.
10. Van Tilburg MA, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3): 684–9.
11. Boccia G, Manguso F, Coccorullo P et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: PACCT criteria versus Rome II criteria. J Pediatr 2007; 151 (4): 394–8, 398–e391.
12. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
13. Mugie SM, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Constipation in childhood. Nature reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8 (9): 502–11.
14. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
15. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
16. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slow-transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
17. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
18. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
19. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
20. Van Dijk M, de Vries GJ, Last BF. Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (4): 329–33.
21. Philips EM, Peeters B, Teeuw AH et al. Stressful Life Events in Children With Functional Defecation Disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 384–92.
22. Osatakul S, Puetpaiboon A. Use of Rome II versus Rome III criteria for diagnosis of functional constipation in young children. Pediatr Int 2014; 56 (1): 83–8.
23. Burgers R, Levin AD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: comparing the Rome II with the Rome III criteria. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (4): 615–20, e611.
24. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32 (9): 920–4.
25. Ghanma A, Puttemans K, Deneyer M et al. Amsterdam infant stool scale is more useful for assessing children who have not been toilet trained than Bristol stool scale. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103 (2): e91–2.
26. Bekkali N, Hamers SL, Reitsma JB. Infant stool form scale: development and results. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (4): 521–6, e521.
27. Burgers R, de Jong TP, Benninga MA. Rectal examination in children: digital versus transabdominal ultrasound. J Urol 2013; 190 (2): 667–72.
28. Miceli S, Arena R, Greco M et al Constipation and cow's milk allergy: a review of the literature. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164 (1): 40–5.
29. Berger MY, Tabbers MM, Kurver MJ et al. Value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time, and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (1): 44–50, e41–2.
30. Benninga MA, Tabbers MM, van Rijn RR. How to use a plain abdominal radiograph in children with functional defecation disorders. Arch Dis Childhood-E 2016; 101 (4): 187–93.
31. Pensabene L, Buonomo C, Fishman L et al. Lack of utility of abdominal x-rays in the evaluation of children with constipation: comparison of different scoring methods. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51 (2): 155–9.
32. Freedman SB, Thull-Freedman J, Manson D et al. Pediatric abdominal radiograph use, constipation, and significant misdiagnoses. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (1): 83–8, e82.
33. Modin L, Dalby K, Walsted AM, Jakobsen M. Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of rectal diameter is dependent on time to defecation in constipated children. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51 (9): 875–80.
34. Rodriguez L, Sood M, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M. An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12944
35. Bekkali NL, van den Berg MM, Dijkgraaf MG et al. Rectal fecal impaction treatment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG. Pediatrics 2009; 124 (6): e1108–15.
36. Miller MK, Dowd MD, Friesen CA, Walsh-Kelly CM. A randomized trial of enema versus polyethylene glycol 3350 for fecal disimpaction in children presenting to an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28 (2): 115–9.
37. Savino F, Maiullari E, Di Nardo G et al. Efficacy and tolerability of peg-only laxative on faecal impaction and chronic constipation in children. A controlled double blind randomized study vs a standard peg-electrolyte laxative. BMC Pediatrics 2012; 12.
38. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, Berger MY. Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis and predictive factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50 (3) 256–68.
39. Bongers ME, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, Benninga MA. Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 2010; 126 (1): e156–62.
40. Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (1): 232–42.
41. Gordon MJ, Parker CE, Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016.
42. Llerena E, Pujol MG, Hernandez HK et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes in the treatment of chronic constipation. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016; 85 (1): 34–40.
43. Van Wering HM TM, Benninga MA. Are constipation drugs effective and safe to be used in children? A review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11 (1): 71–82.
44. SH B. Long-term safety of PEG 4000 in children with chronic functional constipation: A biochemical perspective. Korean J Pediatr 2010; 53 (7): 741–4.
45. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
46. Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of Functional Constipation in Children: Therapy in Practice. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17 (5): 349–60.
47. Ormarsson OT, Asgrimsdottir GM, Loftsson T et al. Free fatty acid suppositories are as effective as docusate sodium and sorbitol enemas in treating constipation in children. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (6): 689–94.
48. Hansen SE, Whitehill JL, Goto CS et al. Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas compared with sodium phosphate enemas for the treatment of constipation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27 (12): 1118–20.
49. Ladenhauf HN, Stundner O, Spreitzhofer F, Deluggi S. Severe hyperphosphatemia after administration of sodium-phosphate containing laxatives in children: case series and systematic review of literature. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28 (8): 805–14.
50. Hyman PE, Di Lorenzo C, Prestridge LL. Lubiprostone for the treatment of functional constipation in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrit 2014; 58 (3): 283–91.
51. Winter HS, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA et al. Oral prucalopride in children with functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57 (2): 197–203.
52. Mugie SM, Korczowski B, Bodi P et al. Prucalopride is no more effective than placebo for children with functional constipation. Gastroenterology 2014; 147 (6): 1285–95, e1281.
53. Koppen IJ, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Is There A Role for Pre-, Pro- and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Functional Constipation in Children? A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63 (Suppl. 1): S27–35.
54. Kuizenga-Wessel S, Heckert SL, Tros W et al. Reporting on Outcome Measures of Functional Constipation in Children-A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62 (6): 840–6.
55. Van der Plas RN, Benninga MA, Taminiau JA, Buller HA. Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification and toilet training. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156 (9): 689–92.
56. Van Dijk M, Benninga MA, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF. Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of behavior problems in constipated children. Pediatrics 2010; 125 (2): e309–17.
57. Borowitz SM, Sutphen JL, Kovatchev B. Treatment of childhood encopresis: a randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34 (4): 378–84.
58. Freeman KA, Riley A, Duke DC, Fu R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for fecal incontinence with constipation. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39 (8): 887–902.
59. Brazzelli M, Griffiths PV, Cody JD, Tappin D. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 (12): CD002240.
60. Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Kovatchev B et al. Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians: efficacy and predictors of outcome. Pediatrics 2005; 115 (4): 873–7.
2. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg MA. Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; pii: S0022–3476(16)30056.
3. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediat 2014; 164 (3): 542–5, e541.
4. Lu PL, Saps M. Gender, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-Based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016.
5. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a school-based study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–6.
6. Zhang SC, Qu RB, Su PJ et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
7. Walter HA, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM et al. OP-1 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
8. Bhatia V, Seth S, Kapoor A et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders among adolescents in Delhi based on Rome III criteria: A school-based survey. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016.
9. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and Health Outcomes of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Infants From Birth to 12 Months of Age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (5): 531–7.
10. Van Tilburg MA, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3): 684–9.
11. Boccia G, Manguso F, Coccorullo P et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: PACCT criteria versus Rome II criteria. J Pediatr 2007; 151 (4): 394–8, 398–e391.
12. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
13. Mugie SM, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Constipation in childhood. Nature reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8 (9): 502–11.
14. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
15. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
16. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slow-transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
17. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
18. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
19. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
20. Van Dijk M, de Vries GJ, Last BF. Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (4): 329–33.
21. Philips EM, Peeters B, Teeuw AH et al. Stressful Life Events in Children With Functional Defecation Disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 384–92.
22. Osatakul S, Puetpaiboon A. Use of Rome II versus Rome III criteria for diagnosis of functional constipation in young children. Pediatr Int 2014; 56 (1): 83–8.
23. Burgers R, Levin AD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: comparing the Rome II with the Rome III criteria. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (4): 615–20, e611.
24. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32 (9): 920–4.
25. Ghanma A, Puttemans K, Deneyer M et al. Amsterdam infant stool scale is more useful for assessing children who have not been toilet trained than Bristol stool scale. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103 (2): e91–2.
26. Bekkali N, Hamers SL, Reitsma JB. Infant stool form scale: development and results. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (4): 521–6, e521.
27. Burgers R, de Jong TP, Benninga MA. Rectal examination in children: digital versus transabdominal ultrasound. J Urol 2013; 190 (2): 667–72.
28. Miceli S, Arena R, Greco M et al Constipation and cow's milk allergy: a review of the literature. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164 (1): 40–5.
29. Berger MY, Tabbers MM, Kurver MJ et al. Value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time, and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (1): 44–50, e41–2.
30. Benninga MA, Tabbers MM, van Rijn RR. How to use a plain abdominal radiograph in children with functional defecation disorders. Arch Dis Childhood-E 2016; 101 (4): 187–93.
31. Pensabene L, Buonomo C, Fishman L et al. Lack of utility of abdominal x-rays in the evaluation of children with constipation: comparison of different scoring methods. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51 (2): 155–9.
32. Freedman SB, Thull-Freedman J, Manson D et al. Pediatric abdominal radiograph use, constipation, and significant misdiagnoses. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (1): 83–8, e82.
33. Modin L, Dalby K, Walsted AM, Jakobsen M. Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of rectal diameter is dependent on time to defecation in constipated children. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51 (9): 875–80.
34. Rodriguez L, Sood M, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M. An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12944
35. Bekkali NL, van den Berg MM, Dijkgraaf MG et al. Rectal fecal impaction treatment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG. Pediatrics 2009; 124 (6): e1108–15.
36. Miller MK, Dowd MD, Friesen CA, Walsh-Kelly CM. A randomized trial of enema versus polyethylene glycol 3350 for fecal disimpaction in children presenting to an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28 (2): 115–9.
37. Savino F, Maiullari E, Di Nardo G et al. Efficacy and tolerability of peg-only laxative on faecal impaction and chronic constipation in children. A controlled double blind randomized study vs a standard peg-electrolyte laxative. BMC Pediatrics 2012; 12.
38. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, Berger MY. Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis and predictive factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50 (3) 256–68.
39. Bongers ME, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, Benninga MA. Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 2010; 126 (1): e156–62.
40. Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (1): 232–42.
41. Gordon MJ, Parker CE, Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016.
42. Llerena E, Pujol MG, Hernandez HK et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes in the treatment of chronic constipation. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016; 85 (1): 34–40.
43. Van Wering HM TM, Benninga MA. Are constipation drugs effective and safe to be used in children? A review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11 (1): 71–82.
44. SH B. Long-term safety of PEG 4000 in children with chronic functional constipation: A biochemical perspective. Korean J Pediatr 2010; 53 (7): 741–4.
45. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
46. Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of Functional Constipation in Children: Therapy in Practice. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17 (5): 349–60.
47. Ormarsson OT, Asgrimsdottir GM, Loftsson T et al. Free fatty acid suppositories are as effective as docusate sodium and sorbitol enemas in treating constipation in children. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (6): 689–94.
48. Hansen SE, Whitehill JL, Goto CS et al. Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas compared with sodium phosphate enemas for the treatment of constipation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27 (12): 1118–20.
49. Ladenhauf HN, Stundner O, Spreitzhofer F, Deluggi S. Severe hyperphosphatemia after administration of sodium-phosphate containing laxatives in children: case series and systematic review of literature. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28 (8): 805–14.
50. Hyman PE, Di Lorenzo C, Prestridge LL. Lubiprostone for the treatment of functional constipation in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrit 2014; 58 (3): 283–91.
51. Winter HS, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA et al. Oral prucalopride in children with functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57 (2): 197–203.
52. Mugie SM, Korczowski B, Bodi P et al. Prucalopride is no more effective than placebo for children with functional constipation. Gastroenterology 2014; 147 (6): 1285–95, e1281.
53. Koppen IJ, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Is There A Role for Pre-, Pro- and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Functional Constipation in Children? A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63 (Suppl. 1): S27–35.
54. Kuizenga-Wessel S, Heckert SL, Tros W et al. Reporting on Outcome Measures of Functional Constipation in Children-A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62 (6): 840–6.
55. Van der Plas RN, Benninga MA, Taminiau JA, Buller HA. Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification and toilet training. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156 (9): 689–92.
56. Van Dijk M, Benninga MA, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF. Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of behavior problems in constipated children. Pediatrics 2010; 125 (2): e309–17.
57. Borowitz SM, Sutphen JL, Kovatchev B. Treatment of childhood encopresis: a randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34 (4): 378–84.
58. Freeman KA, Riley A, Duke DC, Fu R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for fecal incontinence with constipation. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39 (8): 887–902.
59. Brazzelli M, Griffiths PV, Cody JD, Tappin D. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 (12): CD002240.
60. Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Kovatchev B et al. Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians: efficacy and predictors of outcome. Pediatrics 2005; 115 (4): 873–7.
________________________________________________
2. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg MA. Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; pii: S0022–3476(16)30056.
3. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediat 2014; 164 (3): 542–5, e541.
4. Lu PL, Saps M. Gender, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-Based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016.
5. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a school-based study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–6.
6. Zhang SC, Qu RB, Su PJ et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
7. Walter HA, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM et al. OP-1 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
8. Bhatia V, Seth S, Kapoor A et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders among adolescents in Delhi based on Rome III criteria: A school-based survey. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016.
9. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and Health Outcomes of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Infants From Birth to 12 Months of Age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (5): 531–7.
10. Van Tilburg MA, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3): 684–9.
11. Boccia G, Manguso F, Coccorullo P et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: PACCT criteria versus Rome II criteria. J Pediatr 2007; 151 (4): 394–8, 398–e391.
12. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
13. Mugie SM, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Constipation in childhood. Nature reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8 (9): 502–11.
14. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
15. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
16. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slow-transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
17. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
18. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
19. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
20. Van Dijk M, de Vries GJ, Last BF. Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (4): 329–33.
21. Philips EM, Peeters B, Teeuw AH et al. Stressful Life Events in Children With Functional Defecation Disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 384–92.
22. Osatakul S, Puetpaiboon A. Use of Rome II versus Rome III criteria for diagnosis of functional constipation in young children. Pediatr Int 2014; 56 (1): 83–8.
23. Burgers R, Levin AD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Functional defecation disorders in children: comparing the Rome II with the Rome III criteria. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (4): 615–20, e611.
24. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32 (9): 920–4.
25. Ghanma A, Puttemans K, Deneyer M et al. Amsterdam infant stool scale is more useful for assessing children who have not been toilet trained than Bristol stool scale. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103 (2): e91–2.
26. Bekkali N, Hamers SL, Reitsma JB. Infant stool form scale: development and results. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (4): 521–6, e521.
27. Burgers R, de Jong TP, Benninga MA. Rectal examination in children: digital versus transabdominal ultrasound. J Urol 2013; 190 (2): 667–72.
28. Miceli S, Arena R, Greco M et al Constipation and cow's milk allergy: a review of the literature. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164 (1): 40–5.
29. Berger MY, Tabbers MM, Kurver MJ et al. Value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time, and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr 2012; 161 (1): 44–50, e41–2.
30. Benninga MA, Tabbers MM, van Rijn RR. How to use a plain abdominal radiograph in children with functional defecation disorders. Arch Dis Childhood-E 2016; 101 (4): 187–93.
31. Pensabene L, Buonomo C, Fishman L et al. Lack of utility of abdominal x-rays in the evaluation of children with constipation: comparison of different scoring methods. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51 (2): 155–9.
32. Freedman SB, Thull-Freedman J, Manson D et al. Pediatric abdominal radiograph use, constipation, and significant misdiagnoses. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (1): 83–8, e82.
33. Modin L, Dalby K, Walsted AM, Jakobsen M. Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of rectal diameter is dependent on time to defecation in constipated children. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51 (9): 875–80.
34. Rodriguez L, Sood M, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M. An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12944
35. Bekkali NL, van den Berg MM, Dijkgraaf MG et al. Rectal fecal impaction treatment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG. Pediatrics 2009; 124 (6): e1108–15.
36. Miller MK, Dowd MD, Friesen CA, Walsh-Kelly CM. A randomized trial of enema versus polyethylene glycol 3350 for fecal disimpaction in children presenting to an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28 (2): 115–9.
37. Savino F, Maiullari E, Di Nardo G et al. Efficacy and tolerability of peg-only laxative on faecal impaction and chronic constipation in children. A controlled double blind randomized study vs a standard peg-electrolyte laxative. BMC Pediatrics 2012; 12.
38. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, Berger MY. Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis and predictive factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50 (3) 256–68.
39. Bongers ME, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, Benninga MA. Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 2010; 126 (1): e156–62.
40. Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (1): 232–42.
41. Gordon MJ, Parker CE, Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016.
42. Llerena E, Pujol MG, Hernandez HK et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of polyethylene glycol with and without electrolytes in the treatment of chronic constipation. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016; 85 (1): 34–40.
43. Van Wering HM TM, Benninga MA. Are constipation drugs effective and safe to be used in children? A review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11 (1): 71–82.
44. SH B. Long-term safety of PEG 4000 in children with chronic functional constipation: A biochemical perspective. Korean J Pediatr 2010; 53 (7): 741–4.
45. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
46. Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of Functional Constipation in Children: Therapy in Practice. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17 (5): 349–60.
47. Ormarsson OT, Asgrimsdottir GM, Loftsson T et al. Free fatty acid suppositories are as effective as docusate sodium and sorbitol enemas in treating constipation in children. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (6): 689–94.
48. Hansen SE, Whitehill JL, Goto CS et al. Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas compared with sodium phosphate enemas for the treatment of constipation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27 (12): 1118–20.
49. Ladenhauf HN, Stundner O, Spreitzhofer F, Deluggi S. Severe hyperphosphatemia after administration of sodium-phosphate containing laxatives in children: case series and systematic review of literature. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28 (8): 805–14.
50. Hyman PE, Di Lorenzo C, Prestridge LL. Lubiprostone for the treatment of functional constipation in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrit 2014; 58 (3): 283–91.
51. Winter HS, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA et al. Oral prucalopride in children with functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57 (2): 197–203.
52. Mugie SM, Korczowski B, Bodi P et al. Prucalopride is no more effective than placebo for children with functional constipation. Gastroenterology 2014; 147 (6): 1285–95, e1281.
53. Koppen IJ, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Is There A Role for Pre-, Pro- and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Functional Constipation in Children? A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63 (Suppl. 1): S27–35.
54. Kuizenga-Wessel S, Heckert SL, Tros W et al. Reporting on Outcome Measures of Functional Constipation in Children-A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62 (6): 840–6.
55. Van der Plas RN, Benninga MA, Taminiau JA, Buller HA. Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification and toilet training. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156 (9): 689–92.
56. Van Dijk M, Benninga MA, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF. Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of behavior problems in constipated children. Pediatrics 2010; 125 (2): e309–17.
57. Borowitz SM, Sutphen JL, Kovatchev B. Treatment of childhood encopresis: a randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34 (4): 378–84.
58. Freeman KA, Riley A, Duke DC, Fu R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for fecal incontinence with constipation. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39 (8): 887–902.
59. Brazzelli M, Griffiths PV, Cody JD, Tappin D. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 (12): CD002240.
60. Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Kovatchev B et al. Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians: efficacy and predictors of outcome. Pediatrics 2005; 115 (4): 873–7.
Авторы
Yvan Vandenplas*, Elvira Levy, Roel Lemmens, Thierry Devreker
Kidz Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
*yvan.vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
Kidz Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
*yvan.vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
Kidz Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
*yvan.vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
________________________________________________
Kidz Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
*yvan.vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.