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Лечение и профилактика инфекций мочевых путей у детей: обзор ведущих рекомендаций европейских экспертов
Лечение и профилактика инфекций мочевых путей у детей: обзор ведущих рекомендаций европейских экспертов
Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Мачнева Е.Б. и др. Лечение и профилактика инфекций мочевых путей у детей: обзор ведущих рекомендаций европейских экспертов. Педиатрия (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2017; 1: 10–16.
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Аннотация
Статья посвящена обзору рекомендаций Европейской ассоциации урологов/Европейского общества педиатрической урологии, а также французских и немецких экспертов по лечению и профилактике инфекций мочевых путей (ИМП) у детей. Несмотря на некоторые различия, основные принципы терапии и профилактики ИМП у детей сходны. Основными задачами лечения и профилактики являются эрадикация возбудителя, купирование жалоб, профилактика сепсиса и предотвращение повреждения почечной паренхимы. При назначении антибактериальной терапии следует принимать во внимание данные о местной чувствительности микроорганизмов к антибиотикам, возраст ребенка, степень тяжести его состояния, удовлетворительный комплаенс. Многие методы профилактики и лечения в настоящее время находятся на этапе изучения, дискуссия по ним продолжается.
Ключевые слова: инфекции мочевых путей, дети, цистит, пиелонефрит, уросепсис, антибактериальная терапия, профилактика, бактериурия, пузырно-мочеточниковый рефлюкс, Escherichia coli.
Key words: urinary tract infections, children, cystitis, pyelonephritis, urosepsis, antibacterial therapy, prevention, bacteriuria, vesicoureteral reflux, Escherichia coli.
Ключевые слова: инфекции мочевых путей, дети, цистит, пиелонефрит, уросепсис, антибактериальная терапия, профилактика, бактериурия, пузырно-мочеточниковый рефлюкс, Escherichia coli.
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Key words: urinary tract infections, children, cystitis, pyelonephritis, urosepsis, antibacterial therapy, prevention, bacteriuria, vesicoureteral reflux, Escherichia coli.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Jodal U. The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Infect. Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1 (4): 713–29.
2. Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Мумладзе Э.Б. и др. Инфекция мочевых путей у детей: что нужно знать педиатру и нефрологу. Мед. совет. 2015; 14: 114–18. / Zakharova I.N., Osmanov I.M., Mumladze E.B. i dr. Infektsiia mochevykh putei u detei: chto nuzhno znat' pediatru i nefrologu. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 114–18. [in Russian]
3. Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG et al. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 1989; 299 (6701): 703–6.
4. Masson P, Matheson S, Webster AC, Craig JC. Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23 (2): 355–85.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of initial urinary tract infections in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months of age. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
6. Beetz R, Westenfelder M. Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38 (Suppl.): 42–50.
7. Коровина Н.А., Захарова И.Н., Мумладзе Э.Б., Гаврюшова Л.П. Протокол диагностики и лечения пиелонефрита у детей. Пособие для врачей. М.: Медпрактика М, 2002. / Korovina N.A., Zakharova I.N., Mumladze E.B., Gavriushova L.P. Protokol diagnostiki i lecheniia pielonefrita u detei. Posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Medpraktika M, 2002. [in Russian]
8. Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P et al. European Association of Urology; European Society for Pediatric Urology. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol 2015; 67 (3): 546–58.
9. Beetz R. Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the neonate. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24: 205–11.
10. Doganis D, Sinaniotis K. Early antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis in children is still mandatory. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e173–174, author reply e74.
11. Oh MM, Kim JW, Park MG et al. The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with rst febrile UTI. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 565–70.
12. Tutunculer F, Gunoz H, Bas F et al. Transient Pseudohypoaldosteronism in an infant with urinary tract anomaly. Pediatr Int 2004; 46: 618–20.
13. Nandagopal R, Vaidyanathan P, Kaplowitz P. Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism due to urinary tract infection in infancy: a report of 4 cases. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 2009: 195728.
14. Beetz R, Bachmann H, Gatermann S et al. Urinary tract infections in infants and children – a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis [in German]. Urologe A 2007; 46: 112, 114–8, 120–3.
15. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD003772.
16. Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Giotis ND, Baliatsa DV, Ioannidis JP. Extended-interval aminoglycoside administration for children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2004; 114: e111–8.
17. Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
18. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V et al. Clinical signicance of primary vesicoureteral reux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 626–32.
19. Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al. Prophylaxis after rst febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 1064–71.
20. Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e1489–94.
21. Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol 2008; 179: 674–9, discussion 679.
22. Brandstrom P, Jodal U, Sillen U, Hansson S. The Swedish reflux trial: review of a randomized, controlled trial in children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol 2011; 7: 594–600.
23. Cohen R, Raymond J, Faye A et al. Management of urinary tract infections in children. Recommendations of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Group of the French Pediatrics Society and the French-Language Infectious Diseases Society. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22 (6): 665–71.
24. Birgy A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bidet P et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains involved in maternal-fetal colonization: prevalence of E. coli ST131. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 1727–32.
25. Cohen R, Gillet Y, Faye A. Synthe`se de la prise en charge des infections urinaires de l’enfant. Arch Pediatr 2012; 19 (Suppl. 3): 124–8.
26. Hoberman A, Greenfield SP et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2367–76.
27. Bouissou F, Munzer C, Decramer S et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing short and long intravenous antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children: dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphic evaluation at 9 months. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e553–560.
28. Neuhaus TJ, Berger C, Buechner K et al. Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 1037–47.
29. Montini G, Toffolo A, Zucchetta P et al. Antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis in children: multicentre randomized controlled noninferiority trial. BMJ 2007; 335: 386.
30. Bloomfield P, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cohrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 1: CD003772.
31. Keren R, Chan E. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing short-and long course antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E70.
32. Bollgren I. Antibacterial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88 (Suppl.): 48–52.
33. De Paepe H, Renson C, Van Laecke E et al. Pelvicfloor therapy and toilet training in young children with dysfunctional voiding and obstipation. BJU Int 2000; 85: 889–93.
34. Зоркин С.Н., Пинелис В.Г., Арсеньева Е.Н., Шахновский Д.С. Опыт использования препарата Уро-Ваксом при осложненных инфекциях мочевых путей у детей. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Педиатрия. 2014; 2: 24–7.
35. Lettgen B. Prophylaxe rezidivierender Harnwegsinfektionen bei Mädchen. Curr Ther Res 1996; 27: 463–75.
2. Zakharova I.N., Osmanov I.M., Mumladze E.B. i dr. Infektsiia mochevykh putei u detei: chto nuzhno znat' pediatru i nefrologu. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 114–18. [in Russian]
3. Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG et al. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 1989; 299 (6701): 703–6.
4. Masson P, Matheson S, Webster AC, Craig JC. Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23 (2): 355–85.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of initial urinary tract infections in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months of age. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
6. Beetz R, Westenfelder M. Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38 (Suppl.): 42–50.
7. Korovina N.A., Zakharova I.N., Mumladze E.B., Gavriushova L.P. Protokol diagnostiki i lecheniia pielonefrita u detei. Posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Medpraktika M, 2002. [in Russian]
8. Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P et al. European Association of Urology; European Society for Pediatric Urology. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol 2015; 67 (3): 546–58.
9. Beetz R. Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the neonate. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24: 205–11.
10. Doganis D, Sinaniotis K. Early antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis in children is still mandatory. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e173–174, author reply e74.
11. Oh MM, Kim JW, Park MG et al. The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with rst febrile UTI. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 565–70.
12. Tutunculer F, Gunoz H, Bas F et al. Transient Pseudohypoaldosteronism in an infant with urinary tract anomaly. Pediatr Int 2004; 46: 618–20.
13. Nandagopal R, Vaidyanathan P, Kaplowitz P. Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism due to urinary tract infection in infancy: a report of 4 cases. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 2009: 195728.
14. Beetz R, Bachmann H, Gatermann S et al. Urinary tract infections in infants and children – a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis [in German]. Urologe A 2007; 46: 112, 114–8, 120–3.
15. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD003772.
16. Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Giotis ND, Baliatsa DV, Ioannidis JP. Extended-interval aminoglycoside administration for children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2004; 114: e111–8.
17. Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
18. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V et al. Clinical signicance of primary vesicoureteral reux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 626–32.
19. Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al. Prophylaxis after rst febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 1064–71.
20. Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e1489–94.
21. Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol 2008; 179: 674–9, discussion 679.
22. Brandstrom P, Jodal U, Sillen U, Hansson S. The Swedish reflux trial: review of a randomized, controlled trial in children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol 2011; 7: 594–600.
23. Cohen R, Raymond J, Faye A et al. Management of urinary tract infections in children. Recommendations of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Group of the French Pediatrics Society and the French-Language Infectious Diseases Society. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22 (6): 665–71.
24. Birgy A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bidet P et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains involved in maternal-fetal colonization: prevalence of E. coli ST131. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 1727–32.
25. Cohen R, Gillet Y, Faye A. Synthe`se de la prise en charge des infections urinaires de l’enfant. Arch Pediatr 2012; 19 (Suppl. 3): 124–8.
26. Hoberman A, Greenfield SP et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2367–76.
27. Bouissou F, Munzer C, Decramer S et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing short and long intravenous antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children: dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphic evaluation at 9 months. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e553–560.
28. Neuhaus TJ, Berger C, Buechner K et al. Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 1037–47.
29. Montini G, Toffolo A, Zucchetta P et al. Antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis in children: multicentre randomized controlled noninferiority trial. BMJ 2007; 335: 386.
30. Bloomfield P, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cohrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 1: CD003772.
31. Keren R, Chan E. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing short-and long course antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E70.
32. Bollgren I. Antibacterial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88 (Suppl.): 48–52.
33. De Paepe H, Renson C, Van Laecke E et al. Pelvicfloor therapy and toilet training in young children with dysfunctional voiding and obstipation. BJU Int 2000; 85: 889–93.
35. Lettgen B. Prophylaxe rezidivierender Harnwegsinfektionen bei Mädchen. Curr Ther Res 1996; 27: 463–75.
2. Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Мумладзе Э.Б. и др. Инфекция мочевых путей у детей: что нужно знать педиатру и нефрологу. Мед. совет. 2015; 14: 114–18. / Zakharova I.N., Osmanov I.M., Mumladze E.B. i dr. Infektsiia mochevykh putei u detei: chto nuzhno znat' pediatru i nefrologu. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 114–18. [in Russian]
3. Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG et al. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 1989; 299 (6701): 703–6.
4. Masson P, Matheson S, Webster AC, Craig JC. Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23 (2): 355–85.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of initial urinary tract infections in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months of age. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
6. Beetz R, Westenfelder M. Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38 (Suppl.): 42–50.
7. Коровина Н.А., Захарова И.Н., Мумладзе Э.Б., Гаврюшова Л.П. Протокол диагностики и лечения пиелонефрита у детей. Пособие для врачей. М.: Медпрактика М, 2002. / Korovina N.A., Zakharova I.N., Mumladze E.B., Gavriushova L.P. Protokol diagnostiki i lecheniia pielonefrita u detei. Posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Medpraktika M, 2002. [in Russian]
8. Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P et al. European Association of Urology; European Society for Pediatric Urology. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol 2015; 67 (3): 546–58.
9. Beetz R. Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the neonate. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24: 205–11.
10. Doganis D, Sinaniotis K. Early antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis in children is still mandatory. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e173–174, author reply e74.
11. Oh MM, Kim JW, Park MG et al. The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with rst febrile UTI. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 565–70.
12. Tutunculer F, Gunoz H, Bas F et al. Transient Pseudohypoaldosteronism in an infant with urinary tract anomaly. Pediatr Int 2004; 46: 618–20.
13. Nandagopal R, Vaidyanathan P, Kaplowitz P. Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism due to urinary tract infection in infancy: a report of 4 cases. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 2009: 195728.
14. Beetz R, Bachmann H, Gatermann S et al. Urinary tract infections in infants and children – a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis [in German]. Urologe A 2007; 46: 112, 114–8, 120–3.
15. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD003772.
16. Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Giotis ND, Baliatsa DV, Ioannidis JP. Extended-interval aminoglycoside administration for children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2004; 114: e111–8.
17. Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
18. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V et al. Clinical signicance of primary vesicoureteral reux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 626–32.
19. Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al. Prophylaxis after rst febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 1064–71.
20. Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e1489–94.
21. Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol 2008; 179: 674–9, discussion 679.
22. Brandstrom P, Jodal U, Sillen U, Hansson S. The Swedish reflux trial: review of a randomized, controlled trial in children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol 2011; 7: 594–600.
23. Cohen R, Raymond J, Faye A et al. Management of urinary tract infections in children. Recommendations of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Group of the French Pediatrics Society and the French-Language Infectious Diseases Society. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22 (6): 665–71.
24. Birgy A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bidet P et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains involved in maternal-fetal colonization: prevalence of E. coli ST131. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 1727–32.
25. Cohen R, Gillet Y, Faye A. Synthe`se de la prise en charge des infections urinaires de l’enfant. Arch Pediatr 2012; 19 (Suppl. 3): 124–8.
26. Hoberman A, Greenfield SP et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2367–76.
27. Bouissou F, Munzer C, Decramer S et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing short and long intravenous antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children: dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphic evaluation at 9 months. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e553–560.
28. Neuhaus TJ, Berger C, Buechner K et al. Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 1037–47.
29. Montini G, Toffolo A, Zucchetta P et al. Antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis in children: multicentre randomized controlled noninferiority trial. BMJ 2007; 335: 386.
30. Bloomfield P, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cohrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 1: CD003772.
31. Keren R, Chan E. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing short-and long course antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E70.
32. Bollgren I. Antibacterial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88 (Suppl.): 48–52.
33. De Paepe H, Renson C, Van Laecke E et al. Pelvicfloor therapy and toilet training in young children with dysfunctional voiding and obstipation. BJU Int 2000; 85: 889–93.
34. Зоркин С.Н., Пинелис В.Г., Арсеньева Е.Н., Шахновский Д.С. Опыт использования препарата Уро-Ваксом при осложненных инфекциях мочевых путей у детей. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Педиатрия. 2014; 2: 24–7.
35. Lettgen B. Prophylaxe rezidivierender Harnwegsinfektionen bei Mädchen. Curr Ther Res 1996; 27: 463–75.
________________________________________________
2. Zakharova I.N., Osmanov I.M., Mumladze E.B. i dr. Infektsiia mochevykh putei u detei: chto nuzhno znat' pediatru i nefrologu. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 114–18. [in Russian]
3. Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG et al. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 1989; 299 (6701): 703–6.
4. Masson P, Matheson S, Webster AC, Craig JC. Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23 (2): 355–85.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of initial urinary tract infections in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months of age. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
6. Beetz R, Westenfelder M. Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38 (Suppl.): 42–50.
7. Korovina N.A., Zakharova I.N., Mumladze E.B., Gavriushova L.P. Protokol diagnostiki i lecheniia pielonefrita u detei. Posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Medpraktika M, 2002. [in Russian]
8. Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P et al. European Association of Urology; European Society for Pediatric Urology. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol 2015; 67 (3): 546–58.
9. Beetz R. Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the neonate. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24: 205–11.
10. Doganis D, Sinaniotis K. Early antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis in children is still mandatory. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e173–174, author reply e74.
11. Oh MM, Kim JW, Park MG et al. The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with rst febrile UTI. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 565–70.
12. Tutunculer F, Gunoz H, Bas F et al. Transient Pseudohypoaldosteronism in an infant with urinary tract anomaly. Pediatr Int 2004; 46: 618–20.
13. Nandagopal R, Vaidyanathan P, Kaplowitz P. Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism due to urinary tract infection in infancy: a report of 4 cases. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 2009: 195728.
14. Beetz R, Bachmann H, Gatermann S et al. Urinary tract infections in infants and children – a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis [in German]. Urologe A 2007; 46: 112, 114–8, 120–3.
15. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: CD003772.
16. Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Giotis ND, Baliatsa DV, Ioannidis JP. Extended-interval aminoglycoside administration for children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2004; 114: e111–8.
17. Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595–610.
18. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V et al. Clinical signicance of primary vesicoureteral reux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 626–32.
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Авторы
И.Н.Захарова*1, И.М.Османов2, Е.Б.Мачнева1, Э.Б.Мумладзе1, Е.В.Тамбиева2, Г.Б.Бекмурзаева2
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А.Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 125480, Россия, Москва, ул. Героев Панфиловцев, д. 28
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 Z.A.Bashlyaeva Children City Clinical Hospital of the Department of Health of Moscow. 125480, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Geroev Panfilovtsev, d. 28
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А.Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 125480, Россия, Москва, ул. Героев Панфиловцев, д. 28
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 Z.A.Bashlyaeva Children City Clinical Hospital of the Department of Health of Moscow. 125480, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Geroev Panfilovtsev, d. 28
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
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