Эволюция представлений о гестационном сахарном диабете (обзор)

1. Дедов И.И., Краснопольский В.И., Сухих Г.Т. от имени рабочей группы. Российский национальный консенсус «Гестационный сахарный диабет: диагностика, лечение, послеродовое наблюдение». Consilium Medicum. 2013; 15 (4): 5–9. / Dedov I.I., Krasnopolskij V.I., Suhih G.T. ot imeni rabochej gruppy. Rossijskij nacionalnyj konsensus «Gestacionnyj saharnyj diabet: diagnostika, lechenie, poslerodovoe nablyudenie». Consilium Medicum. 2013; 15 (4): 5–9. [in Russian]
2. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Chicago, Illinois, USA. 14−16 March 1997. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (Suppl. 2): B1–B167.
3. Серебренникова К.Г., Шешко Е.Л., Михайлова Н.А. и др. Оптимизация акушерской помощи беременным с гестационным сахарным диабетом и группы риска. Материалы III Российского форума «Мать и дитя». М., 2001. / Serebrennikova K.G., Sheshko E.L., Mihajlova N.A. i dr. Optimizaciya akusherskoj pomoshi beremennym s gestacionnym saharnym diabetom i gruppy riska. Materialy III Rossijskogo foruma «Mat i ditya». M., 2001. [in Russian]
4. Getahun D, Nath C, Ananth CV et al. Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal trends 1989 through 2004. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (5): 525.e1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.017
5. Hod M, Jovanovic L, Di Renzo G et al. Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy, 2003.
6. Hod M, Carrapato M. Diabetes and Pregnancy Evidence Based Update and Guidelines (Working group on Diabetes and pregnancy). Prague, 2006.
7. The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: Associations With Neonatal Anthropometrics. Diabetes 2009; 58 (2): 453–9. DOI: 10.2337/db08-1112
8. Neilsen KK, De Courten M, Kapur A. The urgent need for universally applicable simple screening procedures and diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus – lessons from projects funded by the World Diabetes Foundation. Glob Health Action 2012; 5. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v5i0.17277
9. Berger H, Crane J, Farine D et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002; 24 (11): 894–912.
10. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2015; 131 (S3) S173–S211. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292 (15)30033-3
11. Wendland EM, Torloni MR, Falavigna M et al. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes – a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12: 23. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-23
12. World Health Organization. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy. http: //apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ 10665/85975/1/WHO_ NMH_MND_13.2_eng.pdf. Published 2013.
13. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Intl J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 78: 69–77.
14. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1991–2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943
15. Horvath K, Koch K, Jeitler K et al. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: 1395. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c1395
16. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl. 2): S251–S260. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-s225
17. Nady El Hajj, Schneider E, Lehnen H et al. Epigenetics and life-long consequences of an adverse nutritional and diabetic intrauterine environment. Reproduction 2014; 148: R111–R12. DOI: 10.1530/REP-14-0334
18. Aagaard-Tillery KM, Grove K, Bishop J et al. Developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome. J Mol Endocrinol 2008; 41: 91–102. DOI: 10.1677/JME-08-0025
19. Poston L. Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain and diet as determinants of offspring long term health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 26, 627–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.03.010
20. Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2004; 21 103–13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00985.x
21. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R et al. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005; 115: e290–e296.
22. Catalano PM, Hauguel-De Mouzon S. Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 479e87. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.039
23. Radaelli T, Lepercq J, Varastehpour A et al. Differential regulation of genes for fetoplacental lipid pathways in pregnancy with gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201 (2): 209.e1–209.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.019
24. Radaelli T, Varastehpour A, Catalano P et al. Gestational diabetes induces placental genes for chronic stress and inflammatory pathways. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2951e8.
25. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associations with neonatal anthropometrics. Diabetes 2009; 58: 453e9. DOI: 10.2337/db08-1112
26. Godfrey KM, Barker DJ. Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 611–24.
27. Myatt L. Placental adaptive responses and fetal programming. J Physiol 2006; 572: 25–30. DOI: org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.104968
28. Plagemann A. Maternal diabetes and perinatal programming. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87:743–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.08.018
29. Simeoni U, Barker DJ. Offspring of diabetic pregnancy: long-term outcomes. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 14: 119–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2009.01.002
30. Chiefari E, Arcidiacono B, Foti D et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated overview. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40. Issue 9: 899–909. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0607-5
31. Wu L, Cui L, Tam WH et al. Genetic variants associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 30539. DOI: 10.1038/srep30539
32. Pagán A, Sabater-Molina M, Olza J et al. A gene variant in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 180: 77–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.024
33. Godfrey KM, Sheppard A, Gluckman PD et al. Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child’s later adiposity. Diabetes 2011; 60: 1528–34. DOI: 10.2337/db10-0979
34. Pedersen J. Weight and length at birth of infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1954; 16: 330e42.
35. Ng SK, Olog A, Spinks AB et al. Risk factors and obstetric complications of large for gestational age births with adjustments for community effects: Results from a new cohort study. BMC Public Health 2010; 10: 460. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-460
36. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Associations of maternal A1C and glucose with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35 (3): 574–80. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1687
37. Metzger BE, Persson B, Lowe LP et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: neonatal glycemia. Pediatrics 2010; 126: E1545–52. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2257
38. Vambergue A, Fajardy I. Consequences of gestational and pregestational diabetes on placental function and birth weight. World J Diabetes 2011; 2: 196–203. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i11.196
39. Glinianaia SV, Tennant PW, Bilous RW et al. HbA (1c) and birthweight in women with pre-conception type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 3193–203. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2721-z
40. Ullmo S, Vial Y, Di Bernardo S et al. Pathologic ventricular hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic mothers: a retrospective study. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1319e25.
41. Garcia-Flores J, Janez M, Gonzalez MC et al: Fetal myocardial morphological and functional changes associated with well-controlled gestational diabetes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 154: 24–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.08.002
42. Chu C, Gui YH, Ren YY et al. The impacts of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal hearts. Biomed Environ Sci 2012; 25: 15–22. DOI: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.01.003
43. Arine M. Melo A, Rafaela O. Benatti et al. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in offspring of mice dams fed high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation. Metabolism 2014; 63 (5): 682–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.002
44. Tang X, Qin Q, Xie X et al. Protective Effect of sRAGE on Fetal Development in Pregnant Rats with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71: 549. DOI: org/10.1007/s12013-014-0233-9
45. Badehnoosh B, Karamali M, Zarrati M et al. The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31 (9): 1128–36. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1310193
46. Lowe LP, Metzger BE, Lowe WL Jr et al. Inflammatory mediators and glucose in pregnancy: results from a subset of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (12): 5427–34. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1662
47. Friedman JE, Kirwan JP, Jing M et al. Increased skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor-alpha and impaired insulin signaling persist in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus 1 year postpartum. Diabetes 2008; 57: 606–13.
48. Wójcik M, Mac-Marcjanek, K, Nadel I et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased leukocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11: 779–87. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.47692
49. Chaudhary N, Shrestha S, Kumar Halwai H. Goldenhar syndrome in an infant of diabetic mother. Iran J Pediatr 2010; 20: 131–4. DOI: 10.1155/2017/2625030
50. Kim SY, Sharma AJ, Callaghan WM. Gestational diabetes and childhood obesity: what is the link? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012; 24: 376–81. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e328359f0f4
51. Deboer T, Wewerka S, Bauer PJ et al. Explicit Memory Performance in Infants of Diabetic Mothers at 1 Year of Age. Developmental Med Child Neurol 2005; 47 (8): 525–31. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e328359f0f4
52. Riggins T, Bauer PJ, Georgieff MK et al. Declarative memory performance in infants of diabetic mothers. Adv Child Dev Behav 2010; 38: 73–110.
53. Torres-Espinola FJ, Berglund SK, García-Valdés LM et al. Maternal Obesity, Overweight and Gestational Diabetes Affect the Offspring Neurodevelopment at 6 and 18 Months of Age – A Follow Up from the PREOBE Cohort. PLoS One 2015; 10 (7): e0133010. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133010
54. Barry RJ, Johnstone SJ, Clarke AR. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity isorder: II. Event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol: Official J Int Federation Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 114 (2): 184–98.
55. Franken IHA, Nijs I, Van Strien JW. Impulsivity affects mismatch negativity (MMN) measures of preattentive auditory processing. Biological Psychology 2005; 70 (3): 161–7.
56. Shirong Cai, Anqi Qiu, Birit FP et at. The Influence of Gestational Diabetes on Neurodevelopment of Children in the First Two Years of Life: A Prospective Study. PLoS One 2016; 11 (9): e0162113. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162113
57. Van Lieshout RJ, Voruganti LP. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring: a review of the evidence and putative mechanisms. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008; 33: 395–404.
58. Boksa P. Animal models of obstetric complications in relation to schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2004; 45: 1–17.
59. Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL. Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive metaanalysis. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 195: 7–14.
60. Xiang AH, Wang X, Martinez MP et al. Association of maternal diabetes with autism in offspring. JAMA 2015; 313: 1425–34. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.2707
61. Harder T, Aerts L, Franke K et al. Pancreatic islet transplantation in diabetic pregnant rats prevents acquired malformation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in their offspring. Neurosci Lett 2010; 299: 85–8. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3940 (01)01495-1
62. Aerts L, Van Assche FA. Animal evidence for the transgenerational development of diabetes mellitus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38: 894–903.
63. Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 340–6.
64. Popova P, Vasilyeva L, Tkachuck A et al. A Randomised, Controlled Study of Different Glycaemic Targets during Gestational Diabetes Treatment: Effect on the Level of Adipokines in Cord Blood and ANGPTL4 Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018: 6481658. DOI: 10.1155/2018/6481658
65. Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T et al. Overweight and the metabolic syndrome in adult offspring of women with diettreated gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2464–70. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0305
66. Landon MB, Rice MM, Varner MW et al. Mild gestational diabetes mellitus and long-termchild health. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 445–52. DOI: org/10.2337/dc14-2874
67. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2017: Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (Suppl. 1): S4–S5. DOI: 10.2337/dc17-S003
68. Blumer I, Hadar E, Hadden R et al. Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98. Issue 11: 4227–49. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2465
69. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks D et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131 (Suppl. 3): S173–211. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292 (15)30007-2
70. Dunne N, Viggiani MT. Accuracy Evaluation of CONTOUR_PLUS Compared With Four Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems. Diabetes Ther 2015; 6: 377–88.
71. Тест-системы для диагностики in vitro. Требования к системам мониторинга глюкозы в крови для самоконтроля при лечении сахарного диабета. ГОСТ Р ИСО 15197-2015. Введ. 2016-06-01. http: //docs.cntd.ru/document/1200120137. / Test-sistemy dlya diagnostiki in vitro. Trebovaniya k sistemam monitoringa glyukozy v krovi dlya samokontrolya pri lechenii saharnogo diabeta. GOST R ISO 15197-2015. Vved. 2016-06-01. http: //docs.cntd.ru/document/1200120137. [in Russian]

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1. Dedov I.I., Krasnopolskij V.I., Suhih G.T. ot imeni rabochej gruppy. Rossijskij nacionalnyj konsensus «Gestacionnyj saharnyj diabet: diagnostika, lechenie, poslerodovoe nablyudenie». Consilium Medicum. 2013; 15 (4): 5–9. [in Russian]
2. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Chicago, Illinois, USA. 14−16 March 1997. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (Suppl. 2): B1–B167.
3. Serebrennikova K.G., Sheshko E.L., Mihajlova N.A. i dr. Optimizaciya akusherskoj pomoshi beremennym s gestacionnym saharnym diabetom i gruppy riska. Materialy III Rossijskogo foruma «Mat i ditya». M., 2001. [in Russian]
4. Getahun D, Nath C, Ananth CV et al. Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal trends 1989 through 2004. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (5): 525.e1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.017
5. Hod M, Jovanovic L, Di Renzo G et al. Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy, 2003.
6. Hod M, Carrapato M. Diabetes and Pregnancy Evidence Based Update and Guidelines (Working group on Diabetes and pregnancy). Prague, 2006.
7. The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: Associations With Neonatal Anthropometrics. Diabetes 2009; 58 (2): 453–9. DOI: 10.2337/db08-1112
8. Neilsen KK, De Courten M, Kapur A. The urgent need for universally applicable simple screening procedures and diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus – lessons from projects funded by the World Diabetes Foundation. Glob Health Action 2012; 5. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v5i0.17277
9. Berger H, Crane J, Farine D et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002; 24 (11): 894–912.
10. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2015; 131 (S3) S173–S211. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292 (15)30033-3
11. Wendland EM, Torloni MR, Falavigna M et al. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes – a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12: 23. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-23
12. World Health Organization. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy. http: //apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ 10665/85975/1/WHO_ NMH_MND_13.2_eng.pdf. Published 2013.
13. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Intl J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 78: 69–77.
14. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1991–2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943
15. Horvath K, Koch K, Jeitler K et al. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: 1395. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c1395
16. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl. 2): S251–S260. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-s225
17. Nady El Hajj, Schneider E, Lehnen H et al. Epigenetics and life-long consequences of an adverse nutritional and diabetic intrauterine environment. Reproduction 2014; 148: R111–R12. DOI: 10.1530/REP-14-0334
18. Aagaard-Tillery KM, Grove K, Bishop J et al. Developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome. J Mol Endocrinol 2008; 41: 91–102. DOI: 10.1677/JME-08-0025
19. Poston L. Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain and diet as determinants of offspring long term health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 26, 627–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.03.010
20. Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2004; 21 103–13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00985.x
21. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R et al. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005; 115: e290–e296.
22. Catalano PM, Hauguel-De Mouzon S. Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 479e87. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.039
23. Radaelli T, Lepercq J, Varastehpour A et al. Differential regulation of genes for fetoplacental lipid pathways in pregnancy with gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201 (2): 209.e1–209.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.019
24. Radaelli T, Varastehpour A, Catalano P et al. Gestational diabetes induces placental genes for chronic stress and inflammatory pathways. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2951e8.
25. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associations with neonatal anthropometrics. Diabetes 2009; 58: 453e9. DOI: 10.2337/db08-1112
26. Godfrey KM, Barker DJ. Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 611–24.
27. Myatt L. Placental adaptive responses and fetal programming. J Physiol 2006; 572: 25–30. DOI: org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.104968
28. Plagemann A. Maternal diabetes and perinatal programming. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87:743–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.08.018
29. Simeoni U, Barker DJ. Offspring of diabetic pregnancy: long-term outcomes. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 14: 119–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2009.01.002
30. Chiefari E, Arcidiacono B, Foti D et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated overview. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40. Issue 9: 899–909. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0607-5
31. Wu L, Cui L, Tam WH et al. Genetic variants associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 30539. DOI: 10.1038/srep30539
32. Pagán A, Sabater-Molina M, Olza J et al. A gene variant in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 180: 77–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.024
33. Godfrey KM, Sheppard A, Gluckman PD et al. Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child’s later adiposity. Diabetes 2011; 60: 1528–34. DOI: 10.2337/db10-0979
34. Pedersen J. Weight and length at birth of infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1954; 16: 330e42.
35. Ng SK, Olog A, Spinks AB et al. Risk factors and obstetric complications of large for gestational age births with adjustments for community effects: Results from a new cohort study. BMC Public Health 2010; 10: 460. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-460
36. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Associations of maternal A1C and glucose with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35 (3): 574–80. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1687
37. Metzger BE, Persson B, Lowe LP et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: neonatal glycemia. Pediatrics 2010; 126: E1545–52. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2257
38. Vambergue A, Fajardy I. Consequences of gestational and pregestational diabetes on placental function and birth weight. World J Diabetes 2011; 2: 196–203. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i11.196
39. Glinianaia SV, Tennant PW, Bilous RW et al. HbA (1c) and birthweight in women with pre-conception type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 3193–203. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2721-z
40. Ullmo S, Vial Y, Di Bernardo S et al. Pathologic ventricular hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic mothers: a retrospective study. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1319e25.
41. Garcia-Flores J, Janez M, Gonzalez MC et al: Fetal myocardial morphological and functional changes associated with well-controlled gestational diabetes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 154: 24–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.08.002
42. Chu C, Gui YH, Ren YY et al. The impacts of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal hearts. Biomed Environ Sci 2012; 25: 15–22. DOI: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.01.003
43. Arine M. Melo A, Rafaela O. Benatti et al. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in offspring of mice dams fed high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation. Metabolism 2014; 63 (5): 682–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.002
44. Tang X, Qin Q, Xie X et al. Protective Effect of sRAGE on Fetal Development in Pregnant Rats with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71: 549. DOI: org/10.1007/s12013-014-0233-9
45. Badehnoosh B, Karamali M, Zarrati M et al. The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31 (9): 1128–36. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1310193
46. Lowe LP, Metzger BE, Lowe WL Jr et al. Inflammatory mediators and glucose in pregnancy: results from a subset of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (12): 5427–34. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1662
47. Friedman JE, Kirwan JP, Jing M et al. Increased skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor-alpha and impaired insulin signaling persist in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus 1 year postpartum. Diabetes 2008; 57: 606–13.
48. Wójcik M, Mac-Marcjanek, K, Nadel I et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased leukocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11: 779–87. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.47692
49. Chaudhary N, Shrestha S, Kumar Halwai H. Goldenhar syndrome in an infant of diabetic mother. Iran J Pediatr 2010; 20: 131–4. DOI: 10.1155/2017/2625030
50. Kim SY, Sharma AJ, Callaghan WM. Gestational diabetes and childhood obesity: what is the link? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012; 24: 376–81. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e328359f0f4
51. Deboer T, Wewerka S, Bauer PJ et al. Explicit Memory Performance in Infants of Diabetic Mothers at 1 Year of Age. Developmental Med Child Neurol 2005; 47 (8): 525–31. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e328359f0f4
52. Riggins T, Bauer PJ, Georgieff MK et al. Declarative memory performance in infants of diabetic mothers. Adv Child Dev Behav 2010; 38: 73–110.
53. Torres-Espinola FJ, Berglund SK, García-Valdés LM et al. Maternal Obesity, Overweight and Gestational Diabetes Affect the Offspring Neurodevelopment at 6 and 18 Months of Age – A Follow Up from the PREOBE Cohort. PLoS One 2015; 10 (7): e0133010. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133010
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А.С.Масель*, Э.М.Сабирова, Е.В.Каприор, И.Л.Никитина

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А.Алмазова» Минздрава России. 197341, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2
*masel.alisa@gmail.com

________________________________________________

A.S.Masel*, E.M.Sabirova, E.V.Caprior, I.L.Nikitina

V.A.Almazov North-West Federal Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 197341, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, ul. Akkuratova, d. 2
*masel.alisa@gmail.com